The Prophet Muhammad:His Message was Universal

A Call to the Lord of the Universe

The Prophet ﷺ's greatest call was to the One and Only God, a message that transcends time and place. He introduced a God who reigns as the Lord of all the universes, an entity not confined to a particular region or tribe, but the Creator of the heavens and the earth. He is the Former of the universe from the depths of nothingness. He is the Ordainer of day and night, creating rhythms that govern our lives. He fashioned the mankind from clay, breathing life into their forms, as mentioned in the Qur'an: "And We have certainly created man and We know what his soul whispers to him, and We are closer to him than his jugular vein." (Surah Qaf, 50:16) He ﷺ called to a God who have created the sun, the moon, and orchestrated the day and night. "And He it is who made the sun a shining light and the moon a derived light and determined for it phases..." (Surah Yunus, 10:5) "And He is the One who sends down rain from the sky; We produce thereby fruits for you. So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him]." (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:22)

The Prophet ﷺ communicated with people using these universal concepts, weaving together the threads of creation to reveal the profound truth of a singular, all-powerful God, inviting everyone to reflect on the signs that abound in the cosmos and in their own lives. He illuminated the minds, prompting them to ponder the majesty of existence itself. Wasn't the universe created from nothing? Doesn't that imply the existence of a powerful Creator? As the Qur'an beautifully asserts, "Indeed, Your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth in six days, then established Himself above the Throne..." (Surah Al-A'raf, 7:54). And consider your own beginnings: didn't you develop from a mere drop of sperm? It was the Almighty God who shaped you, "Then We made him a sperm drop in a firm lodging." (Surah Al-Mu’minun, 23:13). Don't you see new sprouts emerging when rain falls on barren land? That is the creation of God, "And We send down from the sky water in measure, and We cause it to settle in the earth..." (Surah Al-Mu’minun, 23:18). And as you gaze upward, don’t you see birds soaring in the sky? Who keeps them aloft? It is none other than Allah, who declares, “Have they not seen the birds above them, spreading and folding their wings? None holds them up except the Most Compassionate.”

A Message for All People

The Prophet Muhammadﷺ was sent not to a single tribe, region, or era, but to the entirety of humanity. His mission was divinely ordained as universal, transcending the barriers of race, nation, and time. The Quran affirms this timeless truth: "We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except to all of mankind as a bringer of good tidings and a warner." (Quran 34:28). His call was not limited to the people of Arabia but extended to all corners of the earth, fulfilling the divine command to be a mercy and guide for all of creation. As he proclaimed, "I have been sent to all humanity, the white and the black." 

He ﷺ introduced a universal God, a divine presence that transcends the confines of race, nation, colour, or time. He spoke of a Creator whose essence binds humanity together. His messages, infused with wisdom and love, flowed like a gentle river, seeking every heart, resonating with the innate yearning for truth. His call "O people!" echoed across the sands of time, reaching into the depths of existence, where barriers of geography and culture vanished in the face of divine unity. "O mankind!" he called, "Fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate." His words reminded all of their shared origin, emphasizing the beauty in diversity and the strength found in unity. "And He has spread from both of them many men and women. And fear Allah, through whom you ask one another, and the wombs [that bore you]." 

He did not limit his call to the people of Makkah; rather, he beckoned all of humanity. "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of God is the most righteous of you." (Quran, 49:13) He urged all to embrace love, to uplift one another, and to strive for justice and peace. "O mankind, be just; that is closer to righteousness." "O people!" his voice resounds still, a clarion call that invites each heart to awaken and join in the symphony of existence, a celebration of our shared humanity under the watchful gaze of the universal God.

The Prophet ﷺ demonstrated this teaching through his actions, embodying the very essence of inclusivity in his community. He welcomed people of all backgrounds—slave and free, rich and poor, Arab and non-Arab—into the fold of Islam, creating a tapestry of humanity bound by faith. Figures like Bilal ibn Rabah, a former slave whose voice called the faithful to prayer, and Salman al-Farsi, a Persian who became one of the Prophet’s ﷺ closest companions, exemplify the diversity and unity of the early Muslim community. Their stories illustrate that Islam was not just a theoretical belief but a lived reality where every individual was valued equally. 

The Prophet’s ﷺ call resonated with everyone—Africans, Romans, Persians, and Arabs alike. His message reached across cultural divides, echoing the principles of equality and brotherhood. It was a call that extended to children, women, and the elderly, embracing all of humanity. As the Prophet ﷺ himself stated, “All of you are equal, and the most honourable among you is the one who fears Allah the most.” (Sahih Bukhari). He called the emperors of Rome and Persia, the kings of Egypt and Ethiopia, while he called the young children, the slaves, and the weakest of the society. No one was ever listed of not calling. 

On the blessed day at the plains of Arafa, during his Farewell Sermon, in his final instructions, the Prophet ﷺ charged his companions with an immense responsibility: to carry this universal message to the farthest reaches of the world. He said, "Let those who are present convey it to those who are absent." (Sahih al-Bukhari). This directive, simple yet profound, planted the seeds of a global movement, ensuring that the beauty of Islam would echo through generations, crossing oceans, traversing deserts, and enduring the passage of time. His companions took this command as their sacred mission, embarking on journeys that reached the nooks and corners of the earth, carrying the banner of divine truth to people of every race, culture, and language.

By proclaiming a religion for all, the Prophet ﷺ delivered a message of justice, compassion, and divine mercy, intended for every heart and soul. His teachings reached beyond the borders of Arabia, spreading to all continents and enduring through centuries. His companions, inspired by his instructions, carried Islam with devotion, teaching that all of humanity is united in servitude to the Creator. Thus, the legacy of the Prophet ﷺ remains an unbroken chain, binding together the earliest believers with those of today and the generations yet to come—a testimony to the enduring universality of his mission.

The Philosophy of Existence

The human soul grapples with an existential crisis that arises from its profound longing for meaning and connection with the Divine. In the vast expanse of the universe, filled with its intricate wonders—from the celestial bodies to the smallest organisms—he often feels insignificant and overwhelmed. As he navigates a life marked by limitations, the weight of his existence can lead him to question the very essence of being. From the moment of his birth, he confronts a reality he cannot control. His birthplace, family, and the timing of his arrival in this world are dictated by forces beyond his choice. As he journeys through life, he is subject to the relentless passage of time, the inevitability of aging, and the certainty of death. Each of these aspects of life underscores a stark truth: he is not the master of his own destiny.

Amidst the struggle of daily life, he faces the harsh realities of fatigue, hunger, and loneliness. The wars that have led to the massacre of millions, the enduring conflicts throughout human history, pervasive poverty, the scourge of slavery, and the cruelty that empowers the strong over the weak all deepen his questioning. The unequal distribution of power, wealth, and strength, coupled with the invasions of power-hungry empires, amplifies his sense of despair. These burdens can feel overwhelming, leading him to ponder the purpose of enduring such suffering. Why must he experience pain, disappointment, and the constant threat of loss? 

The answers elude him, and despair begins to take root. In moments of introspection, he may feel as though his existence is marked by a series of random events, lacking any coherent meaning. In such a world, despair will take hold. When controls are removed, he will confront the madness of the fight for survival. The strong will take up arms, the hard-hearted will thrive, and violence and injustice will become the norm. Dead bodies will multiply in the streets, a grim testament to the chaos surrounding him. The question "Why live?" will echo louder than ever, driving him deeper into the depths of despair and intensifying his existential crisis.

In this context, the Prophet ﷺ primarily addressed this fundamental question: Why is there life? His core mission was to provide a definitive answer to this existential query. He taught that humans are God's vicegerents (khalifah) on Earth, signifying a profound responsibility to uphold justice, compassion, and morality while adhering to divine guidance. The verse, "And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me," underscores that worship and servitude to God are central to human existence. The Prophet ﷺ reiterated the purpose of human creation, stating, "He is the One Who created death and life in order to test which of you is best in deeds." This establishes the most sublime goals and values of life. It becomes a grand duty to prepare every human soul for a beautiful journey, flowing in harmony with the Creator of the universe and the universe itself. Each challenge becomes an opportunity for growth. He finds a glimmer of hope, a path illuminated by the promise of connection and fulfilment. His existential crisis transforms into a quest for understanding.

A key aspect of addressing existential concerns is the concept of the afterlife. The Quran emphasizes the transient nature of worldly life compared to the eternal hereafter, providing a profound perspective that can transform despair into hope. Central to Islamic belief is the notion of the Day of Reward and Paradise (Jannah) as the ultimate goal. This vision serves as a powerful motivator for moral conduct and spiritual growth. The promise of eternity provides comfort and hope, transforming daily struggles into steps toward a glorious future. The Quran reassures believers with the words: "And give good tidings to those who believe and do righteous deeds that they will have gardens in Paradise beneath which rivers flow." (Surah Al-Waqi'ah, 56:10-12) It further describes, "And [there will be] the companions of the right [who will be] in gardens, [in the midst of] thornless lote trees and banana trees layered [with fruit]."  And they will enjoy those pleasures eternally. "Indeed, those who have believed and done righteous deeds - those are the companions of Paradise; they will abide therein eternally."

The Pursuit of True Happiness

The ultimate goal of life of almost everyone is to find lasting happiness. It is a journey that moves from a world of despair to one of optimism, a universal principle that resonates within every human heart. In their quest for joy, people wander and toil, earn and spend, all in pursuit of that elusive state of contentment. They carve new paths, often leaving behind the familiar in their relentless search for fulfilment. They inquire, study, and seek wisdom, believing happiness to be the ultimate objective behind all endeavours. Yet, in this pursuit, many find themselves falling short. Some may stumble upon fleeting moments of joy, while others grapple with the unbearable weight of disillusionment, leading them further into despair. The highs and lows of existence can create a cycle of longing and disappointment, obscuring the true essence of happiness.

However, Prophet ﷺ illuminated a beautiful path to happiness, one that transcends the superficial and temporary pleasures of the world. His teachings emphasize that true happiness is found not in material gain or fleeting experiences but in nurturing a deep connection with the Divine. By establishing a connection with Allah, the creator of the universe, Prophet ﷺ helped humans to regain happiness. A correct understanding of life's goals and a perspective on the afterlife nurtured happiness. He ﷺ established that everything in life is right if there is belief and actions in accordance with it. The hunger he endured was right. The wars he faced, the attacks, the insults, the orphanhood, the loss of children, when he was sought to be killed in Makkah, when he ate greens in the valley of Abu Talib to satisfy his hunger, when he was stoned in Taif, when the Jews and hypocrites in Madinah constantly engaged in deceit and criticism, when he was dragged into wars, when weapons drew blood from his body, when he had to live on dates and water for months, the Prophet ﷺ declared that everything was right. Accept the decree of Allah. Be content, wait for the real life which is the afterlife, be patient for it. Accept these coming judgments with gentleness. 

When his son Ibrahim died while still nursing, he said, "Indeed, the eye weeps and the heart grieves, but we do not say except what pleases our Lord. Indeed, we are sorrowful at your separation, O Ibrahim." When he himself faced severe illness, he stated, "Indeed, I am afflicted as two men of you are afflicted. There is no Muslim who is afflicted with a calamity of illness except that Allah will expiate his sins with it, as a tree sheds its leaves." the Prophet ﷺ offered a perspective that transforms suffering into a means of purification, turning trials into opportunities for growth and renewal.

He ﷺ taught us the importance of happiness and encouraged us to rise above sadness. He urged us to remember the beautiful rewards that await the patient and to view our trials as tests meant to strengthen our resolve. He inspired us to face every thorn on our path, keeping our eyes fixed on the ultimate goal of a fulfilling life. He reassured us that the greatest truths lie ahead, urging us with a timeless reminder: "Do not weaken, nor be sad, and you will be superior if you are believers." This verse from the Quran encapsulates the spirit of resilience that the Prophet ﷺ instilled in his followers. He described the extraordinary satisfaction that deep faith brings: "Wonderful is the affair of the believer; indeed, for him is good in everything. This is not for anyone except the believer: If he is struck by prosperity, he is grateful, and that is good for him; and if he is struck by adversity, he is patient, and that is good for him." 

He Built a Society Rooted in Mercy and Love

The Prophet ﷺ has built a vision for humanity rooted in mercy and compassion. His teachings embodied a profound balance: devotion and selflessness towards the Creator, and kindness and care for all creation. This dual ideal was central to his life and message. He ﷺ was introduced by God Himself as “a mercy to the worlds,” as the Quran declares, “And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds.” He felt the pain of others deeply, as described in another verse: “There has come to you a Messenger from among yourselves. It grieves him that you should suffer; he is anxious over you; for the believers, full of pity, merciful.”

Mercy was the essence of his message. He lived it, exemplified it, and called humanity to it. He said, “The merciful will be shown mercy by the Merciful. Be merciful on the earth, and you will be shown mercy from above.” He taught that withholding mercy was a grave fault: “Whoever is not merciful to people, Allah will not be merciful to him.” His love extended to every being, and he emphasized this with touching examples, such as kissing children, a gesture of love that earns divine reward. When a man boasted that he had never kissed his children, the Prophet ﷺ replied, “Whoever does not show mercy, will not be shown mercy.”

The Prophet’s ﷺ universal love inspired him to teach that true faith is intertwined with love: “You will not enter Paradise until you believe, and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not direct you to something that will make you love one another? Spread peace among yourselves.” He proclaimed that every believer is a brother to another, every woman a sister to another, urging mutual support, care, and love. He reminded us that lacking love for others reflects a deficiency in faith.

The manifestations of his mercy were endless—toward children, parents, elders, women, orphans, animals, birds, and even the environment. He taught that leadership is not power but service, saying, “The leader of a people is their servant.” He called for relieving the pains of others, declaring, “Whoever relieves a believer’s distress in this world, Allah will relieve their distress on the Day of Judgment.” His teachings extended even to animals, warning against cruelty, such as confining a cat without food or water, which could lead to divine punishment.

He illustrated the love and compassion among believers as being like a single body: “When one of its limbs is in pain, the whole body suffers.” Even the smallest acts of kindness were celebrated in his teachings, such as helping a thirsty dog, a deed that led one man to Paradise. He urged people to care for nature, teaching that planting a tree or sowing seeds, which provide food for birds or animals, is a continuous charity rewarded by God.

He ﷺ emphasized that any actions or attitudes contradicting love, mercy, and compassion must be shunned, for they sow discord, harm, and disunity in society. He taught that true faith is intertwined with fostering harmony and maintaining the bonds of brotherhood. In his timeless words, he said, “Do not hate one another, do not turn your backs on one another, and do not envy one another. O Allah’s servants! Be brothers.” 

He strictly prohibited oppression and injustice, warning of their severe consequences: “Beware! Oppression will be darkness on the Day of Judgment. Whoever wrongs another person or takes something unjustly, let them repent before the Day of Judgment.” He reminded people to respect boundaries and to avoid harm, even with the slightest word or gesture. He cautioned against ridiculing others, saying, “Do not make fun of the people, for if you do, you may end up insulting them, and this may lead to enmity.”

The Prophet ﷺ beautifully described the ideal conduct of a believer: “A Muslim is the one from whose tongue and hand other Muslims are safe.” He called for vigilance over both words and actions, ensuring that they bring no harm but rather contribute to building trust and love. 

His wisdom addressed the roots of discord, such as envy, malice, and arrogance, and replaced them with values of humility, forgiveness, and mutual care. By eradicating behaviours that breed conflict, he laid the foundation for a community bound by love, a community where each member is a source of peace and support for the other. 

He Ignited Minds with Knowledge and Wisdom

The Prophet Muhammadﷺ created a world where knowledge and wisdom became the cornerstones of human existence, emphasizing that the pursuit of knowledge was not only a noble endeavour but an obligation. He declared that “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim, male and female.” With this, he transformed the very fabric of society, making the quest for learning the soul of human life. In a world mired in ignorance, he ignited a revolution of the intellect, inspiring his followers to read, to write, and to inquire. He ﷺ likened lost knowledge to precious pearls, urging his followers to seek it, even if it meant traveling to far-off lands like China.

This emphasis on knowledge was not mere rhetoric but a lived practice. During the Battle of Badr, the prisoners of war were offered freedom in exchange for teaching others to read, a testament to the Prophet’s ﷺ vision of a society built on learning. Even before establishing the Islamic community in Madinah, the Prophet ﷺ sent Mus’ab ibn Umayr to prepare the ground—not with armies but with the seeds of knowledge. Similarly, after the conquest of Makkah, he appointed Mu’adh ibn Jabal to teach its people, emphasizing that education was the foundation of a thriving society.

Madinah became a radiant hub of intellectual and spiritual activity under his guidance. The Ahlus-Suffa, a group of companions who lived near the Prophet’s ﷺ mosque, devoted themselves entirely to learning and disseminating knowledge. Supported by the community, they spent their days absorbing the Prophet’s ﷺ teachings and sharing them with others. Abu Huraira, Ubayy ibn Ka’b, and others emerged as beacons of learning, dedicating their lives to preserving and transmitting knowledge.

By the ninth year of Hijrah, Madinah had become a centre of intellectual exchange. Delegations from Yemen, Syria, Najran, and other regions came to learn directly from the Prophet ﷺ. He ﷺ welcomed them with open arms, turning his mosque into a vibrant academy where intense study, discussions, and long question-and-answer sessions took place. These delegations returned to their lands, not just as believers but as carriers of knowledge and wisdom, spreading the intellectual legacy of the Prophet ﷺ far and wide.

The intellectual revolution ignited by the Prophet Muhammadﷺ laid the foundation for a civilization that flourished in knowledge, science, and wisdom for centuries. The seeds of learning he sowed in Madinah blossomed into the golden age of Islamic scholarship. His teachings inspired generations of scientists, philosophers, theologians, and poets who illuminated the world with their discoveries and ideas. The Qur’anic emphasis on reflection and exploration became a driving force for advancements in astronomy, medicine, mathematics, literature, and the arts.

His ﷺ insistence on education as a universal right led to the establishment of libraries, universities, and centres of learning across the Muslim world—from the Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad to Al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco, and Al-Azhar in Egypt. These institutions attracted scholars of all faiths and backgrounds, making the Islamic world a beacon of intellectual exchange. The spirit of inquiry and dedication to knowledge nurtured by the Prophet ﷺ transcended borders, influencing cultures and shaping human history. It was this revolution that preserved ancient wisdom, enriched it with new discoveries, and passed it on to the world.

A Call for Justice and Human Dignity

The teachings of the Prophet ﷺ (peace be upon him) illuminate the concept of equality. The principles of equality articulated in the Quran and the Prophetic message provide a robust framework for understanding human dignity and social justice. By emphasizing shared humanity, economic responsibility, and moral character, these teachings advocate for a society where individuals are valued not for their external attributes but for their faith and actions. As such, the Islamic vision of equality remains a powerful call for compassion, understanding, and justice in today's world. 

The teachings of the Quran and Hadith on equality have profound implications for contemporary issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and social injustice. In a world often marred by division and inequality, the Islamic principles of equality serve as a timeless reminder of the inherent dignity of all individuals. The Prophet’s ﷺ last sermon, delivered during the Farewell Pilgrimage, includes the profound statement: "All mankind is descended from Adam and Eve. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab; a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a white; none have superiority over another except by piety and good action."

The Quran establishes a foundational principle of equality among all human beings. One of the most significant verses addressing this concept is found in Surah Al-Hujurat (49:13): "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted." This verse emphasizes that all humans share a common origin and that their worth is not determined by race, ethnicity, or social status, but by their piety and righteousness.

He Established a Strong Social Welfare System

The Prophet ﷺ laid the foundation for a universal concept of the social welfare state, a model that transcended time, place, and culture. His vision was not merely a theoretical ideal but a lived reality that transformed society. At the heart of this transformation was the Constitution of Madinah, a ground-breaking document that established a multi-tribal, multi-religious community. It outlined the rights and duties of all citizens, including the obligation to care for the poor, the needy, and the vulnerable. This was a revolutionary framework, ensuring that social harmony was built on the pillars of justice, equity, and compassion.

Central to this welfare model was the institutionalization of Zakat—a pillar of Islam that embodies social justice and economic equity. Zakat mandated that Muslims allocate a portion of their wealth, typically 2.5% of their savings, for the benefit of the less fortunate. This obligation was not mere charity but a divine command that purified wealth and fostered communal solidarity. By redistributing wealth from the affluent to those in need, Zakat narrowed the economic divide and mitigated the social unrest that inequality often breeds. He ﷺ emphasized, “He who does not care for the poor and needy is not one of us.” This reminder instilled a deep sense of moral accountability and empathy in the hearts of the believers.

The Bayt al-Mal (State Treasury) was a practical manifestation of the Prophet’s ﷺ vision, funding various programs to support the poor, travellers, orphans, and even military veterans. The state actively managed and distributed resources to meet the needs of the population, reflecting an advanced understanding of social administration. It is to be noted that this system of organized welfare was so effective that during the caliphate of Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, it is reported that there were instances when no one was left to accept charity, as the state had successfully provided for all its citizens. 

Beyond Zakat, voluntary charity (Sadaqah) played a significant role in addressing the needs of the less fortunate. He ﷺ constantly motivated acts of kindness, teaching that even a smile or sharing a morsel of food is an act of charity. He said, “Charity does not diminish wealth.” The state complemented individual acts of generosity with institutional support through the Bayt al-Mal (state treasury). The welfare system extended beyond monetary charity. In Madinah, those without shelter were housed near the Prophet’s ﷺ mosque, where food and other necessities were provided. This collective responsibility nurtured a society where compassion was institutionalized, and every individual, regardless of their circumstances, was valued and cared for.

The Prophet ﷺ himself set an unparalleled example of compassion by providing food and shelter to the needy. The Masjid of the Prophet ﷺ became not just a place of worship but a haven for the poor, particularly the Ahlus-Suffa, who were given sustenance and education there.

His ﷺ teachings extended beyond Zakat to a broader ethic of economic justice. He declared, “Beware of oppression, for oppression will be darkness on the Day of Judgment.” The wealthy were reminded that their riches were a trust from God and that hoarding wealth while others suffered was a grave moral failing. His actions and words constantly reinforced the idea that wealth was a collective resource meant to uplift the entire community.

Even in daily life, the Prophet ﷺ encouraged a culture of giving and mutual support. He inspired a sense of responsibility that transcended individual interests, creating a society where no one was left behind. This ethos is reflected in his famous Hadith, “The leader of a people is their servant.” Leaders were expected to prioritize the welfare of their people, embodying the compassion and selflessness that he exemplified throughout his life. These teachings established a political system deeply rooted in compassion and service to the people, particularly the most vulnerable. This ethos extended beyond his lifetime, influencing the governance of his successors. The stories of Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph, exemplify this legacy. Umar personally ensured the well-being of an elderly woman, and his wife was known to nurse a pregnant woman, demonstrating that compassion and service were integral to leadership.

The disparity between the rich and the poor in today’s world has reached unprecedented levels, painting a grim picture of economic injustice. According to recent statistics, the wealthiest 1% of the global population holds more than half of the world’s wealth, while nearly 10% of the global population lives on less than $2 a day. The chasm widens as billionaires multiply year by year, their combined fortunes soaring, even as the number of deaths from starvation and preventable poverty remains heartbreakingly high. Every minute, reports indicate, more than 11 people die of hunger, a stark reminder of the imbalance that plagues humanity.

In such a world, the Prophet’s ﷺ approach to economic and social justice offers a timeless and transformative solution. He ﷺ did not merely address poverty; he envisioned a society where economic and political structures actively worked to eliminate it. His model emphasized collective responsibility, ensuring that resources were not confined to a privileged few but were shared to uplift the most vulnerable. In today’s context, embracing his teachings could bridge the divide between the rich and the poor, transforming a world of staggering inequality into one of harmony and justice.

He ﷺ established a vision of equality before the law and justice that remains a beacon for humanity. His governance was rooted in the principle that all individuals—rich or poor, powerful or weak—are equal in the eyes of the law. This vision transcended social hierarchies and dismantled oppressive structures, ensuring that justice was not a privilege for the elite but a right for all. The Constitution of Madinah set a revolutionary precedent, ensuring that the rights of every citizen, regardless of tribe or religion, were protected. It created a cohesive community where mutual obligations were prioritized, establishing justice as the cornerstone of governance. 

The Prophet ﷺ emphasized that the law applied equally to everyone. When a noble women from the tribe of Makhzum had committed theft, and some people sought intercession to avoid the prescribed punishment due to her high social standing, the Prophet ﷺ, deeply displeased, responded with a powerful admonition: "Do you seek to intercede in one of the legal punishments of Allah?" He then gathered the people and delivered a timeless message on the universality of justice, saying, "What destroyed the nations before you was that if a noble person among them stole, they would let him go, but if a weak person among them stole, they would apply the prescribed punishment to him. By Allah, if Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad, were to steal, I would cut off her hand." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim). This vision of justice and equality provided a foundation for a society where fairness prevailed and collective well-being was prioritized.

The Women were Honoured

In pre-Islamic Arabia, women faced significant social inequalities rooted in deeply entrenched patriarchal norms. The societal structure was characterized by various forms of discrimination, limited rights, and systemic oppression. Women were often regarded as property rather than individuals with rights. Their legal status was subordinate to men, and they had limited autonomy in matters concerning marriage, inheritance, and property ownership. In many cases, women could not inherit property or assets from their families, which left them economically vulnerable. Marriage was often treated as a transaction rather than a partnership. Women could be forced into marriages without their consent, and their wishes were frequently disregarded. Due to the perceived bad omen of girls and societal preferences for sons, many families resorted to killing new-born girls. Women often faced social isolation, particularly if they were divorced or widowed. 

The teachings of the Prophet ﷺ profoundly shaped the status and treatment of women in society. Central to these teachings are principles of empathy, compassion, and honor, which not only elevated the dignity of women but also sought to establish a more just and equitable social framework. One notable Hadith states, "The best of you are those who are best to their families, and I am the best among you to my family" (Sunan Ibn Majah). The Qur'an explicitly condemns this practice of female infanticide, emphasizing the sanctity of life regardless of gender. In Surah An-Nahl (16:58-59), Allah states, "And when one of them is given news of a female (child), his face becomes dark, and he is filled with grief. He hides himself from the people because of the evil of what he has brought; should he keep it in humiliation, or bury it in the ground? Unquestionably, evil is what they decide." 

The legal rights afforded to women in Islam were revolutionary for the time. The Prophet ﷺ granted women the right to inherit property and manage their finances, a radical shift from existing norms that often rendered them economically dependent on male relatives. In Surah An-Nisa (4:7), Allah declares, "For men is a share of what they have earned, and for women is a share of what they have earned. He ﷺ emphasized that mutual consent is essential for a marriage to be valid. This emphasis on mutual agreement empowers women within a traditionally patriarchal framework, promoting honour and respect for their choices in life. 

The pursuit of knowledge was made obligatory for all Muslims, which included women. His ﷺ encouragement of education fostered a culture of learning that transcended gender barriers. In one Hadith, he stated, "Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim" (Sunan Ibn Majah). This principle not only encouraged women to seek education but also reinforced their value as contributors to society. 

End of the Session

Read Biography of the Messenger of Allah 

A Call to the Lord of the Universe

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ's greatest call was to the One and Only God, a message that transcends time and place. He introduced a God who reigns as the Lord of all the universes, an entity not confined to a particular region or tribe, but the Creator of the heavens and the earth. He is the Former of the universe from the depths of nothingness. He is the Ordainer of day and night, creating rhythms that govern our lives. He fashioned the mankind from clay, breathing life into their forms, as mentioned in the Qur'an: "And We have certainly created man and We know what his soul whispers to him, and We are closer to him than his jugular vein." (Surah Qaf, 50:16) He ﷺ called to a God who have created the sun, the moon, and orchestrated the day and night. "And He it is who made the sun a shining light and the moon a derived light and determined for it phases..." (Surah Yunus, 10:5) "And He is the One who sends down rain from the sky; We produce thereby fruits for you. So do not attribute to Allah equals while you know [that there is nothing similar to Him]." (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:22)

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ communicated with people using these universal concepts, weaving together the threads of creation to reveal the profound truth of a singular, all-powerful God, inviting everyone to reflect on the signs that abound in the cosmos and in their own lives. He illuminated the minds, prompting them to ponder the majesty of existence itself. Wasn't the universe created from nothing? Doesn't that imply the existence of a powerful Creator? As the Qur'an beautifully asserts, "Indeed, Your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth in six days, then established Himself above the Throne..." (Surah Al-A'raf, 7:54). And consider your own beginnings: didn't you develop from a mere drop of sperm? It was the Almighty God who shaped you, "Then We made him a sperm drop in a firm lodging." (Surah Al-Mu’minun, 23:13). Don't you see new sprouts emerging when rain falls on barren land? That is the creation of God, "And We send down from the sky water in measure, and We cause it to settle in the earth..." (Surah Al-Mu’minun, 23:18). And as you gaze upward, don’t you see birds soaring in the sky? Who keeps them aloft? It is none other than Allah, who declares, “Have they not seen the birds above them, spreading and folding their wings? None holds them up except the Most Compassionate.”

 A Message for All People

The Prophet Muhammadﷺ was sent not to a single tribe, region, or era, but to the entirety of humanity. His mission was divinely ordained as universal, transcending the barriers of race, nation, and time. The Quran affirms this timeless truth: "We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except to all of mankind as a bringer of good tidings and a warner." (Quran 34:28). His call was not limited to the people of Arabia but extended to all corners of the earth, fulfilling the divine command to be a mercy and guide for all of creation. As he proclaimed, "I have been sent to all humanity, the white and the black."

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ introduced a universal God, a divine presence that transcends the confines of race, nation, colour, or time. Prophet Muhammad spoke of a Creator whose essence binds humanity together. His messages, infused with wisdom and love, flowed like a gentle river, seeking every heart, resonating with the innate yearning for truth. His call "O people!" echoed across the sands of time, reaching into the depths of existence, where barriers of geography and culture vanished in the face of divine unity. "O mankind!" he called, "Fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate." His words reminded all of their shared origin, emphasizing the beauty in diversity and the strength found in unity. "And Prophet Muhammad has spread from both of them many men and women. And fear Allah, through whom you ask one another, and the wombs [that bore you]."

Prophet Muhammad did not limit his call to the people of Makkah; rather, he beckoned all of humanity. "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of God is the most righteous of you." (Quran, 49:13) Prophet Muhammad urged all to embrace love, to uplift one another, and to strive for justice and peace. "O mankind, be just; that is closer to righteousness." "O people!" his voice resounds still, a clarion call that invites each heart to awaken and join in the symphony of existence, a celebration of our shared humanity under the watchful gaze of the universal God.

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ demonstrated this teaching through his actions, embodying the very essence of inclusivity in his community. Prophet Muhammad welcomed people of all backgrounds—slave and free, rich and poor, Arab and non-Arab—into the fold of Islam, creating a tapestry of humanity bound by faith. Figures like Bilal ibn Rabah, a former slave whose voice called the faithful to prayer, and Salman al-Farsi, a Persian who became one of the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ closest companions, exemplify the diversity and unity of the early Muslim community. Their stories illustrate that Islam was not just a theoretical belief but a lived reality where every individual was valued equally.

The Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ call resonated with everyone—Africans, Romans, Persians, and Arabs alike. His message reached across cultural divides, echoing the principles of equality and brotherhood. It was a call that extended to children, women, and the elderly, embracing all of humanity. As the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ himself stated, “All of you are equal, and the most honourable among you is the one who fears Allah the most.” (Sahih Bukhari). Prophet Muhammad called the emperors of Rome and Persia, the kings of Egypt and Ethiopia, while he called the young children, the slaves, and the weakest of the society. No one was ever listed of not calling.

On the blessed day at the plains of Arafa, during his Farewell Sermon, in his final instructions, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ charged his companions with an immense responsibility: to carry this universal message to the farthest reaches of the world. Prophet Muhammad said, "Let those who are present convey it to those who are absent." (Sahih al-Bukhari). This directive, simple yet profound, planted the seeds of a global movement, ensuring that the beauty of Islam would echo through generations, crossing oceans, traversing deserts, and enduring the passage of time. His companions took this command as their sacred mission, embarking on journeys that reached the nooks and corners of the earth, carrying the banner of divine truth to people of every race, culture, and language.

By proclaiming a religion for all, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ delivered a message of justice, compassion, and divine mercy, intended for every heart and soul. His teachings reached beyond the borders of Arabia, spreading to all continents and enduring through centuries. His companions, inspired by his instructions, carried Islam with devotion, teaching that all of humanity is united in servitude to the Creator. Thus, the legacy of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ remains an unbroken chain, binding together the earliest believers with those of today and the generations yet to come—a testimony to the enduring universality of his mission.

The Philosophy of Existence

The human soul grapples with an existential crisis that arises from its profound longing for meaning and connection with the Divine. In the vast expanse of the universe, filled with its intricate wonders—from the celestial bodies to the smallest organisms—he often feels insignificant and overwhelmed. As he navigates a life marked by limitations, the weight of his existence can lead him to question the very essence of being. From the moment of his birth, he confronts a reality he cannot control. His birthplace, family, and the timing of his arrival in this world are dictated by forces beyond his choice. As he journeys through life, he is subject to the relentless passage of time, the inevitability of aging, and the certainty of death. Each of these aspects of life underscores a stark truth: he is not the master of his own destiny.

Amidst the struggle of daily life, he faces the harsh realities of fatigue, hunger, and loneliness. The wars that have led to the massacre of millions, the enduring conflicts throughout human history, pervasive poverty, the scourge of slavery, and the cruelty that empowers the strong over the weak all deepen his questioning. The unequal distribution of power, wealth, and strength, coupled with the invasions of power-hungry empires, amplifies his sense of despair. These burdens can feel overwhelming, leading him to ponder the purpose of enduring such suffering. Why must he experience pain, disappointment, and the constant threat of loss?

The answers elude him, and despair begins to take root. In moments of introspection, he may feel as though his existence is marked by a series of random events, lacking any coherent meaning. In such a world, despair will take hold. When controls are removed, he will confront the madness of the fight for survival. The strong will take up arms, the hard-hearted will thrive, and violence and injustice will become the norm. Dead bodies will multiply in the streets, a grim testament to the chaos surrounding him. The question "Why live?" will echo louder than ever, driving him deeper into the depths of despair and intensifying his existential crisis.

In this context, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ primarily addressed this fundamental question: Why is there life? His core mission was to provide a definitive answer to this existential query. Prophet Muhammad taught that humans are God's vicegerents (khalifah) on Earth, signifying a profound responsibility to uphold justice, compassion, and morality while adhering to divine guidance. The verse, "And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me," underscores that worship and servitude to God are central to human existence. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ reiterated the purpose of human creation, stating, "Prophet Muhammad is the One Who created death and life in order to test which of you is best in deeds." This establishes the most sublime goals and values of life. It becomes a grand duty to prepare every human soul for a beautiful journey, flowing in harmony with the Creator of the universe and the universe itself. Each challenge becomes an opportunity for growth. Prophet Muhammad finds a glimmer of hope, a path illuminated by the promise of connection and fulfilment. His existential crisis transforms into a quest for understanding.

A key aspect of addressing existential concerns is the concept of the afterlife. The Quran emphasizes the transient nature of worldly life compared to the eternal hereafter, providing a profound perspective that can transform despair into hope. Central to Islamic belief is the notion of the Day of Reward and Paradise (Jannah) as the ultimate goal. This vision serves as a powerful motivator for moral conduct and spiritual growth. The promise of eternity provides comfort and hope, transforming daily struggles into steps toward a glorious future. The Quran reassures believers with the words: "And give good tidings to those who believe and do righteous deeds that they will have gardens in Paradise beneath which rivers flow." (Surah Al-Waqi'ah, 56:10-12) It further describes, "And [there will be] the companions of the right [who will be] in gardens, [in the midst of] thornless lote trees and banana trees layered [with fruit]."  And they will enjoy those pleasures eternally. "Indeed, those who have believed and done righteous deeds - those are the companions of Paradise; they will abide therein eternally."

 The Pursuit of True Happiness

The ultimate goal of life of almost everyone is to find lasting happiness. It is a journey that moves from a world of despair to one of optimism, a universal principle that resonates within every human heart. In their quest for joy, people wander and toil, earn and spend, all in pursuit of that elusive state of contentment. They carve new paths, often leaving behind the familiar in their relentless search for fulfilment. They inquire, study, and seek wisdom, believing happiness to be the ultimate objective behind all endeavours. Yet, in this pursuit, many find themselves falling short. Some may stumble upon fleeting moments of joy, while others grapple with the unbearable weight of disillusionment, leading them further into despair. The highs and lows of existence can create a cycle of longing and disappointment, obscuring the true essence of happiness.

However, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ illuminated a beautiful path to happiness, one that transcends the superficial and temporary pleasures of the world. His teachings emphasize that true happiness is found not in material gain or fleeting experiences but in nurturing a deep connection with the Divine. By establishing a connection with Allah, the creator of the universe, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ helped humans to regain happiness. A correct understanding of life's goals and a perspective on the afterlife nurtured happiness. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ established that everything in life is right if there is belief and actions in accordance with it. The hunger he endured was right. The wars he faced, the attacks, the insults, the orphanhood, the loss of children, when he was sought to be killed in Makkah, when he ate greens in the valley of Abu Talib to satisfy his hunger, when he was stoned in Taif, when the Jews and hypocrites in Madinah constantly engaged in deceit and criticism, when he was dragged into wars, when weapons drew blood from his body, when he had to live on dates and water for months, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ declared that everything was right. Accept the decree of Allah. Be content, wait for the real life which is the afterlife, be patient for it. Accept these coming judgments with gentleness.

When his son Ibrahim died while still nursing, he said, "Indeed, the eye weeps and the heart grieves, but we do not say except what pleases our Lord. Indeed, we are sorrowful at your separation, O Ibrahim." When he himself faced severe illness, he stated, "Indeed, I am afflicted as two men of you are afflicted. There is no Muslim who is afflicted with a calamity of illness except that Allah will expiate his sins with it, as a tree sheds its leaves." the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ offered a perspective that transforms suffering into a means of purification, turning trials into opportunities for growth and renewal.

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ taught us the importance of happiness and encouraged us to rise above sadness. Prophet Muhammad urged us to remember the beautiful rewards that await the patient and to view our trials as tests meant to strengthen our resolve. Prophet Muhammad inspired us to face every thorn on our path, keeping our eyes fixed on the ultimate goal of a fulfilling life. Prophet Muhammad reassured us that the greatest truths lie ahead, urging us with a timeless reminder: "Do not weaken, nor be sad, and you will be superior if you are believers." This verse from the Quran encapsulates the spirit of resilience that the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ instilled in his followers. Prophet Muhammad described the extraordinary satisfaction that deep faith brings: "Wonderful is the affair of the believer; indeed, for him is good in everything. This is not for anyone except the believer: If he is struck by prosperity, he is grateful, and that is good for him; and if he is struck by adversity, he is patient, and that is good for him."

Prophet Muhammad Built a Society Rooted in Mercy and Love

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ has built a vision for humanity rooted in mercy and compassion. His teachings embodied a profound balance: devotion and selflessness towards the Creator, and kindness and care for all creation. This dual ideal was central to his life and message. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was introduced by God Himself as “a mercy to the worlds,” as the Quran declares, “And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds.” Prophet Muhammad felt the pain of others deeply, as described in another verse: “There has come to you a Messenger from among yourselves. It grieves him that you should suffer; he is anxious over you; for the believers, full of pity, merciful.”

Mercy was the essence of his message. Prophet Muhammad lived it, exemplified it, and called humanity to it. Prophet Muhammad said, “The merciful will be shown mercy by the Merciful. Be merciful on the earth, and you will be shown mercy from above.” Prophet Muhammad taught that withholding mercy was a grave fault: “Whoever is not merciful to people, Allah will not be merciful to him.” His love extended to every being, and he emphasized this with touching examples, such as kissing children, a gesture of love that earns divine reward. When a man boasted that he had never kissed his children, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ replied, “Whoever does not show mercy, will not be shown mercy.”

The Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ universal love inspired him to teach that true faith is intertwined with love: “You will not enter Paradise until you believe, and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not direct you to something that will make you love one another? Spread peace among yourselves.” Prophet Muhammad proclaimed that every believer is a brother to another, every woman a sister to another, urging mutual support, care, and love. Prophet Muhammad reminded us that lacking love for others reflects a deficiency in faith.

The manifestations of his mercy were endless—toward children, parents, elders, women, orphans, animals, birds, and even the environment. Prophet Muhammad taught that leadership is not power but service, saying, “The leader of a people is their servant.” Prophet Muhammad called for relieving the pains of others, declaring, “Whoever relieves a believer’s distress in this world, Allah will relieve their distress on the Day of Judgment.” His teachings extended even to animals, warning against cruelty, such as confining a cat without food or water, which could lead to divine punishment.

Prophet Muhammad illustrated the love and compassion among believers as being like a single body: “When one of its limbs is in pain, the whole body suffers.” Even the smallest acts of kindness were celebrated in his teachings, such as helping a thirsty dog, a deed that led one man to Paradise. Prophet Muhammad urged people to care for nature, teaching that planting a tree or sowing seeds, which provide food for birds or animals, is a continuous charity rewarded by God.

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ emphasized that any actions or attitudes contradicting love, mercy, and compassion must be shunned, for they sow discord, harm, and disunity in society. Prophet Muhammad taught that true faith is intertwined with fostering harmony and maintaining the bonds of brotherhood. In his timeless words, he said, “Do not hate one another, do not turn your backs on one another, and do not envy one another. O Allah’s servants! Be brothers.”

Prophet Muhammad strictly prohibited oppression and injustice, warning of their severe consequences: “Beware! Oppression will be darkness on the Day of Judgment. Whoever wrongs another person or takes something unjustly, let them repent before the Day of Judgment.” Prophet Muhammad reminded people to respect boundaries and to avoid harm, even with the slightest word or gesture. Prophet Muhammad cautioned against ridiculing others, saying, “Do not make fun of the people, for if you do, you may end up insulting them, and this may lead to enmity.”

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ beautifully described the ideal conduct of a believer: “A Muslim is the one from whose tongue and hand other Muslims are safe.” Prophet Muhammad called for vigilance over both words and actions, ensuring that they bring no harm but rather contribute to building trust and love.

His wisdom addressed the roots of discord, such as envy, malice, and arrogance, and replaced them with values of humility, forgiveness, and mutual care. By eradicating behaviours that breed conflict, he laid the foundation for a community bound by love, a community where each member is a source of peace and support for the other.

Prophet Muhammad Ignited Minds with Knowledge and Wisdom

The Prophet Muhammadﷺ created a world where knowledge and wisdom became the cornerstones of human existence, emphasizing that the pursuit of knowledge was not only a noble endeavour but an obligation. Prophet Muhammad declared that “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim, male and female.” With this, he transformed the very fabric of society, making the quest for learning the soul of human life. In a world mired in ignorance, he ignited a revolution of the intellect, inspiring his followers to read, to write, and to inquire. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ likened lost knowledge to precious pearls, urging his followers to seek it, even if it meant traveling to far-off lands like China.

This emphasis on knowledge was not mere rhetoric but a lived practice. During the Battle of Badr, the prisoners of war were offered freedom in exchange for teaching others to read, a testament to the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ vision of a society built on learning. Even before establishing the Islamic community in Madinah, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ sent Mus’ab ibn Umayr to prepare the ground—not with armies but with the seeds of knowledge. Similarly, after the conquest of Makkah, he appointed Mu’adh ibn Jabal to teach its people, emphasizing that education was the foundation of a thriving society.

Madinah became a radiant hub of intellectual and spiritual activity under his guidance. The Ahlus-Suffa, a group of companions who lived near the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ mosque, devoted themselves entirely to learning and disseminating knowledge. Supported by the community, they spent their days absorbing the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ teachings and sharing them with others. Abu Huraira, Ubayy ibn Ka’b, and others emerged as beacons of learning, dedicating their lives to preserving and transmitting knowledge.

By the ninth year of Hijrah, Madinah had become a centre of intellectual exchange. Delegations from Yemen, Syria, Najran, and other regions came to learn directly from the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ welcomed them with open arms, turning his mosque into a vibrant academy where intense study, discussions, and long question-and-answer sessions took place. These delegations returned to their lands, not just as believers but as carriers of knowledge and wisdom, spreading the intellectual legacy of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ far and wide.

The intellectual revolution ignited by the Prophet Muhammadﷺ laid the foundation for a civilization that flourished in knowledge, science, and wisdom for centuries. The seeds of learning he sowed in Madinah blossomed into the golden age of Islamic scholarship. His teachings inspired generations of scientists, philosophers, theologians, and poets who illuminated the world with their discoveries and ideas. The Qur’anic emphasis on reflection and exploration became a driving force for advancements in astronomy, medicine, mathematics, literature, and the arts.

His ﷺ insistence on education as a universal right led to the establishment of libraries, universities, and centres of learning across the Muslim world—from the Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad to Al-Qarawiyyin in Morocco, and Al-Azhar in Egypt. These institutions attracted scholars of all faiths and backgrounds, making the Islamic world a beacon of intellectual exchange. The spirit of inquiry and dedication to knowledge nurtured by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ transcended borders, influencing cultures and shaping human history. It was this revolution that preserved ancient wisdom, enriched it with new discoveries, and passed it on to the world.

A Call for Justice and Human Dignity

The teachings of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ (peace be upon him) illuminate the concept of equality. The principles of equality articulated in the Quran and the Prophet Muhammadic message provide a robust framework for understanding human dignity and social justice. By emphasizing shared humanity, economic responsibility, and moral character, these teachings advocate for a society where individuals are valued not for their external attributes but for their faith and actions. As such, the Islamic vision of equality remains a powerful call for compassion, understanding, and justice in today's world.

The teachings of the Quran and Hadith on equality have profound implications for contemporary issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and social injustice. In a world often marred by division and inequality, the Islamic principles of equality serve as a timeless reminder of the inherent dignity of all individuals. The Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ last sermon, delivered during the Farewell Pilgrimage, includes the profound statement: "All mankind is descended from Adam and Eve. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab; a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a white; none have superiority over another except by piety and good action."

The Quran establishes a foundational principle of equality among all human beings. One of the most significant verses addressing this concept is found in Surah Al-Hujurat (49:13): "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted." This verse emphasizes that all humans share a common origin and that their worth is not determined by race, ethnicity, or social status, but by their piety and righteousness.

Prophet Muhammad Established a Strong Social Welfare System

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ laid the foundation for a universal concept of the social welfare state, a model that transcended time, place, and culture. His vision was not merely a theoretical ideal but a lived reality that transformed society. At the heart of this transformation was the Constitution of Madinah, a ground-breaking document that established a multi-tribal, multi-religious community. It outlined the rights and duties of all citizens, including the obligation to care for the poor, the needy, and the vulnerable. This was a revolutionary framework, ensuring that social harmony was built on the pillars of justice, equity, and compassion.

Central to this welfare model was the institutionalization of Zakat—a pillar of Islam that embodies social justice and economic equity. Zakat mandated that Muslims allocate a portion of their wealth, typically 2.5% of their savings, for the benefit of the less fortunate. This obligation was not mere charity but a divine command that purified wealth and fostered communal solidarity. By redistributing wealth from the affluent to those in need, Zakat narrowed the economic divide and mitigated the social unrest that inequality often breeds. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ emphasized, “Prophet Muhammad who does not care for the poor and needy is not one of us.” This reminder instilled a deep sense of moral accountability and empathy in the hearts of the believers.

The Bayt al-Mal (State Treasury) was a practical manifestation of the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ vision, funding various programs to support the poor, travellers, orphans, and even military veterans. The state actively managed and distributed resources to meet the needs of the population, reflecting an advanced understanding of social administration. It is to be noted that this system of organized welfare was so effective that during the caliphate of Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, it is reported that there were instances when no one was left to accept charity, as the state had successfully provided for all its citizens.

Beyond Zakat, voluntary charity (Sadaqah) played a significant role in addressing the needs of the less fortunate. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ constantly motivated acts of kindness, teaching that even a smile or sharing a morsel of food is an act of charity. Prophet Muhammad said, “Charity does not diminish wealth.” The state complemented individual acts of generosity with institutional support through the Bayt al-Mal (state treasury). The welfare system extended beyond monetary charity. In Madinah, those without shelter were housed near the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ mosque, where food and other necessities were provided. This collective responsibility nurtured a society where compassion was institutionalized, and every individual, regardless of their circumstances, was valued and cared for.

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ himself set an unparalleled example of compassion by providing food and shelter to the needy. The Masjid of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ became not just a place of worship but a haven for the poor, particularly the Ahlus-Suffa, who were given sustenance and education there.

His ﷺ teachings extended beyond Zakat to a broader ethic of economic justice. Prophet Muhammad declared, “Beware of oppression, for oppression will be darkness on the Day of Judgment.” The wealthy were reminded that their riches were a trust from God and that hoarding wealth while others suffered was a grave moral failing. His actions and words constantly reinforced the idea that wealth was a collective resource meant to uplift the entire community.

Even in daily life, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ encouraged a culture of giving and mutual support. Prophet Muhammad inspired a sense of responsibility that transcended individual interests, creating a society where no one was left behind. This ethos is reflected in his famous Hadith, “The leader of a people is their servant.” Leaders were expected to prioritize the welfare of their people, embodying the compassion and selflessness that he exemplified throughout his life. These teachings established a political system deeply rooted in compassion and service to the people, particularly the most vulnerable. This ethos extended beyond his lifetime, influencing the governance of his successors. The stories of Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph, exemplify this legacy. Umar personally ensured the well-being of an elderly woman, and his wife was known to nurse a pregnant woman, demonstrating that compassion and service were integral to leadership.

The disparity between the rich and the poor in today’s world has reached unprecedented levels, painting a grim picture of economic injustice. According to recent statistics, the wealthiest 1% of the global population holds more than half of the world’s wealth, while nearly 10% of the global population lives on less than $2 a day. The chasm widens as billionaires multiply year by year, their combined fortunes soaring, even as the number of deaths from starvation and preventable poverty remains heartbreakingly high. Every minute, reports indicate, more than 11 people die of hunger, a stark reminder of the imbalance that plagues humanity.

In such a world, the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ approach to economic and social justice offers a timeless and transformative solution. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ did not merely address poverty; he envisioned a society where economic and political structures actively worked to eliminate it. His model emphasized collective responsibility, ensuring that resources were not confined to a privileged few but were shared to uplift the most vulnerable. In today’s context, embracing his teachings could bridge the divide between the rich and the poor, transforming a world of staggering inequality into one of harmony and justice.

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ established a vision of equality before the law and justice that remains a beacon for humanity. His governance was rooted in the principle that all individuals—rich or poor, powerful or weak—are equal in the eyes of the law. This vision transcended social hierarchies and dismantled oppressive structures, ensuring that justice was not a privilege for the elite but a right for all. The Constitution of Madinah set a revolutionary precedent, ensuring that the rights of every citizen, regardless of tribe or religion, were protected. It created a cohesive community where mutual obligations were prioritized, establishing justice as the cornerstone of governance.

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ emphasized that the law applied equally to everyone. When a noble women from the tribe of Makhzum had committed theft, and some people sought intercession to avoid the prescribed punishment due to her high social standing, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, deeply displeased, responded with a powerful admonition: "Do you seek to intercede in one of the legal punishments of Allah?" Prophet Muhammad then gathered the people and delivered a timeless message on the universality of justice, saying, "What destroyed the nations before you was that if a noble person among them stole, they would let him go, but if a weak person among them stole, they would apply the prescribed punishment to him. By Allah, if Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad, were to steal, I would cut off her hand." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim). This vision of justice and equality provided a foundation for a society where fairness prevailed and collective well-being was prioritized.

The Women were Honoured

In pre-Islamic Arabia, women faced significant social inequalities rooted in deeply entrenched patriarchal norms. The societal structure was characterized by various forms of discrimination, limited rights, and systemic oppression. Women were often regarded as property rather than individuals with rights. Their legal status was subordinate to men, and they had limited autonomy in matters concerning marriage, inheritance, and property ownership. In many cases, women could not inherit property or assets from their families, which left them economically vulnerable. Marriage was often treated as a transaction rather than a partnership. Women could be forced into marriages without their consent, and their wishes were frequently disregarded. Due to the perceived bad omen of girls and societal preferences for sons, many families resorted to killing new-born girls. Women often faced social isolation, particularly if they were divorced or widowed.

The teachings of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ profoundly shaped the status and treatment of women in society. Central to these teachings are principles of empathy, compassion, and honor, which not only elevated the dignity of women but also sought to establish a more just and equitable social framework. One notable Hadith states, "The best of you are those who are best to their families, and I am the best among you to my family" (Sunan Ibn Majah). The Qur'an explicitly condemns this practice of female infanticide, emphasizing the sanctity of life regardless of gender. In Surah An-Nahl (16:58-59), Allah states, "And when one of them is given news of a female (child), his face becomes dark, and he is filled with grief. Prophet Muhammad hides himself from the people because of the evil of what he has brought; should he keep it in humiliation, or bury it in the ground? Unquestionably, evil is what they decide."

The legal rights afforded to women in Islam were revolutionary for the time. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ granted women the right to inherit property and manage their finances, a radical shift from existing norms that often rendered them economically dependent on male relatives. In Surah An-Nisa (4:7), Allah declares, "For men is a share of what they have earned, and for women is a share of what they have earned. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ emphasized that mutual consent is essential for a marriage to be valid. This emphasis on mutual agreement empowers women within a traditionally patriarchal framework, promoting honour and respect for their choices in life.

The pursuit of knowledge was made obligatory for all Muslims, which included women. His ﷺ encouragement of education fostered a culture of learning that transcended gender barriers. In one Hadith, he stated, "Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim" (Sunan Ibn Majah). This principle not only encouraged women to seek education but also reinforced their value as contributors to society.

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was a Universal Model

The universality of the Prophet Muhammadﷺ is evident in his role as a model for every individual, in every field of life, and across all generations. His character, actions, and teachings offer timeless guidance, shaping lives and inspiring hearts, regardless of culture, time, or place. His ﷺ constant mindfulness of Allah was central to his being. Mostly he was silent. His speech was thoughtful, measured, and filled with meaning, beginning and ending with the praise of Allah. Prophet Muhammad avoided unnecessary words, ensuring every utterance carried value. His gentleness shone in his interactions; he was never harsh nor belittling. Even the smallest of blessings was magnified in his eyes, and he refrained from criticizing or expressing discontent.

His humility was unmatched. Prophet Muhammad never boasted of his achievements nor praised himself. His gestures were deliberate and full of sincerity, his hand movements reflecting the intensity of his words. Though he was deeply passionate about truth and justice, he reserved his anger for matters of principle, not personal affronts. When wronged, he forgave; when angered for the sake of truth, he acted only to restore justice. In joy, he was modest. The Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ laughter was a quiet smile, like the light breaking through the clouds. Even in light-hearted moments, his dignity remained, and when he joked, he spoke only the truth. His concern for his community often led him to touch his blessed beard, reflecting his deep thoughtfulness.

When delivering sermons, he was commanding, passionate, and clear, his voice rising as if rallying an army for truth and righteousness. In times of peace, his demeanour softened, leaning on a staff as he spoke wisdom to his followers. Despite participating in many battles, his restraint and mercy remained evident—he took no life with his own hands except in a moment of defence against one who sought to harm him. Through every word, action, and interaction, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ embodied a universal standard of virtue, strength, and mercy.

Prophet Muhammad honoured the noble from every community, recognizing their standing and appointing them as leaders while embodying humility and approachability. His ability to balance respect for people's traditions with unwavering adherence to truth made his leadership universally relevant. Prophet Muhammad would never turn his back on anyone, constantly seeking to understand their needs and concerns. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ valued sincerity and compassion, elevating those who embodied these traits. His companions, the best of people, were guided by his example of sincerity and kindness. His profound shyness, more delicate than that of a secluded virgin, reflected his immense humility. Yet, this shyness did not hinder him from taking firm stands for truth and justice, blending strength with gentleness.

Prophet Muhammad actively partook in life's simplicity and struggles, mending his own clothes, sewing his shoes, and sitting with the poor, whose company others often disdained. Prophet Muhammad not only sat with them but treated them as equals, erasing distinctions of class and status. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ attended to the needs of others personally, visiting the sick, participating in funerals, and answering the calls of his companions with an open heart. His demeanour was so unassuming that a stranger entering a gathering could not distinguish him from his companions. This equality was deliberate, reflecting his belief in the inherent worth of every individual. Even in gatherings, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ avoided any privilege. Prophet Muhammad neither sought a specific place for himself nor allowed others to do so, sitting wherever space allowed. His fairness extended to giving each companion their due attention, making them feel valued and equal. His patience was unparalleled; he listened to people attentively, enduring their questions or complaints until they chose to leave. If someone asked him for something, he would give it if he could, or console them with a kind word if he could not.

When the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ spoke, his companions would sit in attentive stillness, lowering their heads as if birds rested upon them. They would listen intently, only speaking when he had finished. In turn, he gave them his full attention, listening without interruption until the speaker completed their thoughts. Disputes were absent in his gatherings; instead, they were marked by an air of respect and unity. Prophet Muhammad shared in their joys and amazement, laughing at what amused them and marvelling at what astonished them. Even when faced with a stranger’s bluntness or rudeness, his patience remained steadfast. Prophet Muhammad advised, "When you see a needy person seeking help, assist them, and do not seek praise except from the One who deserves it."

The Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ demeanour was cheerful, easy-going, and gentle. Prophet Muhammad was neither rude nor harsh, nor did he ever display arrogance or boastfulness. Prophet Muhammad avoided what displeased him, choosing instead to overlook faults and maintain optimism. Prophet Muhammad refrained from three things: showing off, boasting, and meddling in matters that did not concern him. Similarly, he left others with three things: avoiding criticism, refraining from insulting, and speaking only in ways that carried hope for reward and benefit.

His silence was purposeful, driven by patience, caution, consideration, and deep reflection. His caution was evident in his approach to life: taking good examples, avoiding the bad, giving thought to what benefited his community, and guiding them in matters that united their worldly and spiritual lives. His reflection was devoted to contemplating the eternal, aligning his heart and actions with divine wisdom. In embodying patience, nothing provoked him to anger or impulsiveness. His restraint and foresight guided him to lead by example, demonstrating a balance of wisdom and kindness.

Prophet Muhammad embodied the highest virtues of generosity, truthfulness, gentleness, and trustworthiness. In his dealings with his wives, he was a model of kindness and affection, always smiling and laughing, treating them with the utmost respect. Never did he raise his hand against them, nor against any servant or slave. His behaviour radiated humility and mercy, even in the face of rudeness or aggression from others. When confronted by the harshness of crude Bedouins, he responded with patience and forgiveness. Some would pull his cloak so violently that it left marks, but he would overlook their transgressions, offering beautiful forgiveness. While his companions, ready to defend him, awaited his signal, he never allowed them to retaliate. His clemency was unparalleled; he only became stern when the sanctity of Allah was violated, standing firm in defence of divine principles, never for personal grievances.

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ consistently chose ease over difficulty, provided it did not involve sin or breaking ties of kinship. If faced with a choice that risked either of these, he would steer clear of it. His decisions reflected profound wisdom and compassion, guiding his followers on the path of righteousness with gentleness.

Despite being offered the riches of the world, the Messenger ﷺ chose a life of simplicity. Prophet Muhammad and his family often endured hunger, rarely eating wheat bread for three consecutive days. His home reflected his choice of a modest life, yet he was unfalteringly generous. When he had something to give, he gave abundantly, fearing no poverty. His generosity was particularly boundless during Ramadan, described as being like a generous wind, spreading blessings everywhere.

His life was marked by immense trials, yet he bore them with unwavering patience. Orphaned as a child, he lost both parents early. Later, the Quraysh subjected him to relentless persecution, mocking and accusing him of sorcery, and ultimately driving him from his homeland. Despite these hardships, his resilience and trust in Allah shone brightly, setting an enduring example for humanity. Prophet Muhammad endured profound personal losses and immense trials throughout his life, yet he met them with unshakable patience and deep faith. Prophet Muhammad witnessed the passing of his beloved wife Khadijah, who was his pillar of support and comfort, and his protective uncle Abu Talib, who shielded him from the hostility of Quraysh. Prophet Muhammad buried his sons, Al-Qasim and Abdullah, in their infancy and, later, his daughters Zainab, Ruqayyah, and Umm Kulthum. His youngest son, Ibrahim, also died in childhood, leaving him grief-stricken in his old age when emotions are most tender. In addition to these losses, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ faced the treachery of hypocrites, whose schemes targeted both his community and his household. One of their most painful slanders was the accusation against his wife Aisha, which caused him great anguish. Furthermore, the Jewish tribes of Madinah plotted against him, testing his patience with conspiracies and provocations.

The Messenger of Allah also suffered physically. Prophet Muhammad endured severe illnesses, including intense migraines, and bore the agonies of death with such visible pain that his family was deeply moved to pity. Yet, through all these hardships, he remained steadfast, meeting his Lord in a state of contentment and acceptance. These experiences made his life a source of solace for every afflicted soul. No trial or grief would befall a believer except that remembering the trials of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ would soothe their pain, inspiring them to endure with true emulation of his example.

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was a paragon of purity, never succumbing to the vices and excesses of pre-Islamic Arabia. Prophet Muhammad never drank alcohol, worshiped idols, or engaged in the immorality common in his time. His marriage to Khadijah bint Khuwailid lasted over 25 years, during which he lived with unwavering fidelity, despite being in the prime of his youth in a society where such restraint was rare. His subsequent marriages, all occurring after the age of 50, were devoid of personal lust. They were marked by wisdom and purpose, serving social, political, and communal needs during a time when his days and nights were consumed by establishing and defending the nascent Islamic state. These unions demonstrated his sense of duty and his commitment to the well-being of his community, rather than personal indulgence. Prophet Muhammad was married to nine women, all of whom were widows except for Aisha bint Abi Bakr.

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ possessed unparalleled strength of mind, sound judgment, and sharp senses. His physical and mental abilities were balanced with moderation in all his movements and actions. Prophet Muhammad valued deliberation, taking thoughtful steps in all matters. His demeanour was marked by kindness and good manners, embodying the verse: "And if you had been rude and hard-hearted, they would surely have dispersed from around you" [Al-Imran: 159].

Allah Himself praised his noble character, saying: "And indeed, you are on a great character" [Al-Qalam: 4].

Hassan bin Thabit, the poet of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, beautifully expressed:

"And better than you, no eye has ever seen,
And more beautiful than you, no woman has given birth.
You were created free from all defects,
As if you were created as you wished."