The Prophet Muhammad :The Strategic Moves Post- Badr

After the Muslims' victory at Badr, their enemies grew fearful, while the believers felt stronger. The political situation in Arabia began to change as Prophet Muhammad ﷺ took strategic steps to protect Medina. Shortly after Badr, in the second year after the Hijrah, the Prophet led an expedition to the lands of Banu Sulaym in Kadar. This tribe had planned to attack Medina, but when the Prophet and his companions arrived, Banu Sulaym fled in fear, leaving behind 500 camels. The Muslims captured these camels and a man named Yasir, whom they later released after staying in the area for three days.

Around this time, Abu Sufyan, a leader from Mecca, sought revenge for the defeat at Badr. He vowed not to be with his wife until he avenged the loss. During the Hajj season, when fighting was forbidden, he secretly travelled to Medina with a group. They camped near Neeb Mountain, a day’s journey from Medina. Abu Sufyan then went alone at night to the home of Sallam ibn Mishkam, chief of the Jewish tribe Banu Nadir, who hosted him. After sharing his plans, Abu Sufyan returned to his group and sent them to Al Urayli, a Jewish area on the outskirts of Medina. There, they attacked two Muslims working in a date farm, killed them, burned the trees, and fled. Though Muslims chased them, the attackers escaped by abandoning their supplies.

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The Prophet Muhammad :The Battle of Sawiq

After Abu Sufyan’s attack near Medina, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ sent Zayd ibn Harithah with a group to intercept a Quraysh trade caravan traveling through Al-Qaradah (a region in Najd). Though the caravan, led by Abu Sufyan and Safwan ibn Umayya, escaped, the Muslims captured valuable goods, including silver worth 100,000 dirhams. This weakened the Meccans’ ability to fund further wars. This event is called the Battle of Sawiq (or the Grain War) because Abu Sufyan’s men scattered grain sacks on the road to slow the Muslims. The Prophet ﷺ and his followers stayed outside Medina for five days, leaving Basheer ibn Abdul Mundir in charge.

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The Prophet Muhammad :The Ghatafan Operation

Around the same time, the Prophet ﷺ learned that the Ghatafan tribes, led by Dha’uthur ibn Harith, planned to attack Medina. He took 450 men to confront them, leaving Uthman ibn Affan to govern Medina. When the Muslim army arrived, Ghatafan retreated to a hill. During this mission, while resting under a tree after rain, Dha’uthur sneaked up, grabbed the Prophet’s sword, and threatened him. The Prophet ﷺ calmly replied, “Allah will save me.” The sword slipped from Dha’uthur’s hand, and the Prophet ﷺ picked it up but chose to spare him. Deeply moved, Dha’uthur embraced Islam. The Quran later referenced this event (5:11), reminding believers of Allah’s protection.

After 15 days, the Prophet ﷺ returned to Medina but soon heard of another threat near Abu Sulaim’s area. He left with 300 men, placing Ibn Umm Makthum in charge. After two months of peaceful efforts, he returned without conflict.

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The Prophet Muhammad :Banu Qainuqa' Expedition

After the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ migrated to Medina, he established peace treaties with local Jewish tribes, including Banu Qainuqa. However, Banu Qainuqa became the first Jewish tribe to break this treaty. They openly mocked Islam and challenged the Prophet ﷺ, boasting about their strength in battle.

Tensions escalated when a Jewish blacksmith in their market harassed an Arab woman. While she sat selling jewelry, he secretly tied her dress to a hook so that when she stood, her clothes were torn off. A Muslim witnessing this injustice killed the blacksmith, and the Jews retaliated by killing the Muslim. This violence deepened the conflict.

In response, Quranic verses (Quran 3:12-13 and 8:58) were revealed, urging Muslims to act against betrayal. The Prophet ﷺ then besieged Banu Qainuqa in their fortress for 15 days. Fearing defeat, they surrendered and begged for mercy.

Abdullah ibn Ubayy, a hypocrite leader in Medina who secretly opposed Islam, pressured the Prophet ﷺ to spare Banu Qainuqa. He grabbed the Prophet’s cloak and insisted until they were released. Though the tribe was exiled, their wealth and armour were seized by the Muslims

Outcome: Banu Qainuqa were expelled from Medina, strengthening Muslim control. Their resources boosted the community, while the incident revealed the dangers of hypocrisy. The Prophet’s actions demonstrated justice and resolve in upholding divine guidance.

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The Prophet Muhammad :Prelude to the Battle of Uhud

A year after the Muslims’ victory at Badr, the Quraysh of Mecca remained consumed by grief and anger over their losses. Determined to avenge their defeat, they pooled resources from a trade caravan (1,000 camels and 50,000 dinars) to fund a large army. Leaders like Abu Sufyan and Safwan ibn Umayya rallied support, vowing to crush the Muslims.

The Quraysh assembled 3,000 soldiers—including 200 cavalry and 700 armored warriors—far larger than their Badr army. The Quran (8:36) later criticized their misuse of wealth to oppose Islam, warning it would lead to their ruin.

Meanwhile, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ learned of their plans through a secret message sent by his uncle, Abbas, via a messenger from the Ghifar tribe. The Prophet ﷺ shared the news privately with Sa’ad ibn Rabeeu, urging secrecy. However, a woman overheard their conversation and spread the news. When Sa’ad worried about the leak, the Prophet ﷺ calmly dismissed it, showing trust in divine planning.

This escalation set the stage for the Battle of Uhud, as the Quraysh marched toward Medina, seeking revenge and aiming to erase the shame of Badr. The Muslims, though outnumbered, prepared to defend their faith and community.

In Medina, the Prophet ﷺ learned of the Quraysh’s movements through spies. He sent scouts to monitor their route and prayed, “Allah is sufficient for us, and He is the best Disposer of affairs.” The Muslims armed themselves and fortified Medina, preparing for the looming clash. This tense buildup set the stage for the Battle of Uhud, as the Quraysh sought to crush the Muslims and erase the shame of Badr.

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The Prophet Muhammad :Hypocrites' Retreat Before Uhud

As Prophet Muhammad ﷺ led his army toward Uhud, he ensured careful preparation. Scouts were sent ahead, and underage soldiers (under 15) were sent home. During the march, the Prophet ﷺ encountered a group of Jews allied with a Medinan leader, Abdullah ibn Sabau, who refused to help either side, claiming neutrality.

The army camped overnight, praying Maghrib and Isha together, with guards posted for safety. The next morning, the Prophet ﷺ reviewed the scouts’ reports and pressed onward.

However, Abdullah ibn Ubayy, a hypocrite leader, stirred dissent. He criticized the mission, arguing it was rashly planned, and convinced 300 hypocrites and doubters to abandon the army and return to Medina. Abdullah ibn Haram publicly rebuked them, urging unity against the enemy.

In response, Quranic verses (3:167, 179) were revealed, exposing the hypocrites’ cowardice and hypocrisy. Despite this betrayal, the remaining Muslims stayed united. 

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The Prophet Muhammad :Turning Tides at Uhud: Quraysh’s Collapse

The Battle of Uhud began fiercely, with the Quraysh determined to avenge their defeat at Badr. The Muslims, though outnumbered, fought with unmatched courage. Ali (R), Hamza (R), and other heroes faced the Quraysh’s elite warriors in dramatic duels.

The Quraysh’s flagbearers—symbols of their pride—fell one by one:

• Twalhat ibn Abi Twalhat challenged the Muslims, but Ali (R) swiftly killed him.

• Abu Shaybah Uthman (Twalhat’s brother) was slain by Hamza (R).

• Abu Sa’ad, the next flagbearer, fell to Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqas’s (R) arrow.

• Musafiu and Harith ibn Twalhat were both killed by Asim ibn Thabit (R), whose skill enraged their mother, Sulafa. She vowed to drink from Asim’s skull, offering 100 camels for his head.

As the Quraysh’s flagbearers fell, their army crumbled into chaos. Women in their camp wailed in despair, realizing their defeat. The Muslims’ faith and unity overwhelmed the Quraysh’s larger, wealthier force.

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The Prophet Muhammad :The Turning Point at Uhud

During the Battle of Uhud, a critical moment arose when Muslim archers stationed on a hill were ordered by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ to stay in place no matter what. However, as the enemy forces began to retreat, most archers thought the battle was over and left their posts to collect spoils of war, ignoring their leader Abdullah ibn Jubair’s reminders of the Prophet’s strict command. Only a handful, including Abdullah, stayed behind.

The enemy commander, Khalid ibn Waleed, noticed the weakened defence and launched a surprise attack from the now-undefended hill. Abdullah ibn Jubair and his small group fought bravely but were overwhelmed, and Abdullah was killed. The enemy then turned on the main Muslim army, which was unprepared and scattered. Chaos erupted, leading to heavy losses among the Muslims.

Amid the confusion, a false rumour spread that the Prophet ﷺ had been killed, shouted by a man believed to be influenced by Satan. This caused panic, and many Muslims lost hope, fleeing or arguing about what to do. Meanwhile, hypocrites within the community seized the moment to spread doubt, urging people to abandon the fight and follow their own leader instead.

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The Prophet Muhammad :The Shield of Faith: Defending the Prophet at Uhud

During the chaos of the Battle of Uhud, the Muslim forces faced a severe crisis. Many fled in fear, while others lay wounded on the battlefield. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, isolated with a small group of loyal followers, climbed a hill for safety. Those who stayed with him showed extraordinary courage. Some sacrificed their lives, while others, despite injuries, shielded him from harm.

The Prophet ﷺ stood firm, refusing to retreat. He fought with a bow, and when arrows ran out, he used stones. Companions like Abu Talhah (R) and Qatada ibn Nu’man (R) acted as human shields, deflecting attacks. A core group of 15-30 believers—including Abu Bakr (R), Umar (R), Ali (R), and others—formed a protective circle around him. They declared, “Our bodies are shields for the Prophet’s body!”

Amid the confusion, the Prophet ﷺ called out, “I am here—the Messenger of Allah!” to rally scattered followers. Miraculously, despite enemy arrows and swords targeting him, none struck him. Witnesses reported arrows veering away, and over 80 sword strikes aimed at him failed to land.

An enemy soldier later admitted he searched desperately for Muhammad ﷺ but could not reach him, saying, “By Allah, he is protected from us!” Eight companions—including Ali (R), Abu Dujana (R), and Sahl ibn Hunaif (R)—had sworn to die defending the Prophet ﷺ, yet all survived.

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The Prophet Muhammad :The Prophet’s Steadfastness in Battle

During the Battle of Uhud, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ faced immense danger but remained unshaken. Despite attacks and injuries, he stood firm, inspiring his followers. A stone struck his face, injuring his lip and breaking a tooth. Another attack left a deep wound on his shoulder, causing pain for weeks. He even fell into a hidden pit dug by enemies but was rescued by Ali (R) and Talha (R). Though bloodied and exhausted, he refused to retreat, rallying his scattered followers by calling out, “Come to me—I am Allah’s Messenger!”

Only a handful of loyal followers stayed by the Prophet ﷺ during the worst chaos. Talha (R) shielded him from arrows until his hands were paralyzed. Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqqas (R) fought fiercely—the Prophet ﷺ famously prayed for his arrows to strike true, saying, “May my parents be sacrificed for you!” Sa’ad reportedly shot hundreds of arrows that day. Seven Ansar heroes repeatedly answered the Prophet’s call to defend him, each martyred one by one as they drove back enemies.

Despite relentless attacks, the Prophet ﷺ survived miraculously. Arrows aimed at him veered off course, and over 80 sword strikes missed him entirely. 

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The Prophet Muhammad :Divine Comfort and Angelic Aid at Uhud

During the Battle of Uhud, Allah granted the weary Muslim fighters a moment of peace through a calming drowsiness, easing their fears and renewing their strength. This divine mercy is mentioned in the Quran (3:154), which explains that while some believers found solace in this rest, others were troubled by doubts—a test of their faith. The verse reminds believers that all outcomes are destined by Allah, and true success lies in trusting His plan.

Allah sent angels to support the Muslims. Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqqas (R) described seeing two radiant warriors fighting fiercely beside the Prophet ﷺ—later revealed to be the angels Jibreel and Mikael. Another account tells how an angel took the form of Mis’ab ibn Umair (R), the martyred flag-bearer, to rally the Muslims. When the Prophet ﷺ saw the angel carrying the banner, he recognized it as divine aid. Companions like Harith ibn Simmah (R) also witnessed mysterious forces defeating enemies, affirming Allah’s unseen help.

The Quran (3:152) highlights Allah’s promise to send 5,000 angels if the Muslims remained patient and obedient. However, when some disobeyed the Prophet’s ﷺ orders, this help was temporarily withdrawn—a stark lesson on the importance of unity and following the Prophet’s guidance.

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The Prophet Muhammad :Faith and Sacrifice

Husail

An elderly man, along with Thabit ibn Waqsh, secretly joined the battle to support the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Thabit was killed by enemy forces, while Husail was tragically mistaken for an enemy and killed by Muslim fighters. When Husail’s son, Hudaifah, identified his father, the Muslims deeply regretted their error. The Prophet offered Hudaifah compensation (blood money), but he selflessly donated it to the community. The Prophet smiled at his generosity, and Hudaifah remained known for his goodness.

Mukhayriq al-Nadri

A Jewish scholar who recognized the truth of Islam, Mukhayriq urged his fellow Jews to fight alongside the Prophet at Uhud. When they refused, citing the Sabbath, he declared, “What does the Sabbath matter now?” He joined the battle, willed his wealth to the Prophet, and died fighting. The Prophet honored him as “the best of the Jews,” praising his sacrifice for Islam.

Uqaish (Amr ibn Thabit)

Initially hesitant to embrace Islam, Uqaish arrived in Medina during Uhud. Upon learning his relatives were fighting, he immediately accepted Islam, rode to the battlefield, and declared, “I have come for Islam!” Though wounded, he affirmed his faith before dying. The Prophet declared him a “dweller of Paradise,” and Abu Hurayra later marvelled that Uqaish entered Paradise without ever performing a formal prayer—a testament to his pure, last-minute faith and sacrifice.

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The Prophet Muhammad : Handala’s Sacrifice

Handala, a devoted companion of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), was newly married to Jamila. On the day of the Battle of Uhud, he had just spent his wedding night with her and was excused from fighting. But when the call to battle came, Handala felt torn: he worried he might not maintain the spiritual purity he felt in the Prophet’s presence. Despite being in his bridal chamber, he chose to rush to Uhud, leaving his wife behind.

In battle, Handala fought fiercely against Abu Sufyan, leader of the enemy forces. During the clash, Abu Sufyan’s horse collapsed, and Handala was killed by an enemy soldier. The Prophet later revealed that angels bathed Handala’s body with rainwater in a silver vessel—a unique honour, as martyrs are typically buried unwashed. When asked why water dripped from his hair, the Prophet directed people to Jamila. She explained they had been intimate before he left, and he rushed to battle without cleansing himself.

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The Prophet Muhammad : Amr ibn Al Jamuh: A Lame Leg’s Leap to Paradise 

Amr ibn Al Jamuh, an elderly man with a lame leg, longed to fight in the Battle of Uhud despite his disability. His sons urged him to stay, citing Quranic exemptions for the physically unfit. But Amr insisted, declaring, “By Allah, I desire to enter Paradise with this lame leg!” The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) permitted him, saying, “May Allah grant him martyrdom.”

Amr joined the battle alongside his three sons, hopping on one leg while chanting, “I wish for Heaven!” He and his son Khallad fought fiercely until both were martyred. After the battle, the Prophet ordered Amr and his close friend Abdullah ibn Amr to be buried together, saying, “They loved each other innocently.” He also revealed, “I saw Amr entering Paradise, his lame foot healed, shaded by angels.”

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The Prophet Muhammad : Hamza and Wahshi

Hamza, the brave uncle and foster brother of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), was a legendary warrior. Known for his courage, he fought fiercely in battles like Badr and Uhud, inspiring Muslims with his fearlessness.

During the Battle of Uhud, Hamza’s enemies sought revenge for his role in earlier conflicts. Hind, daughter of Utbah (whose father was killed by Hamza at Badr), and Jubair ibn Mut’im conspired to eliminate him. They promised freedom to Wahshi, an enslaved Abyssinian skilled with a spear, if he killed Hamza.

Wahshi later recounted his mission: “I hid, waiting for the right moment. When Hamza paused after defeating an opponent, I hurled my spear, piercing him fatally. His strength even in death terrified me—I fled once my task was done.”

After Hamza’s death, Hind mutilated his body in a gruesome act of vengeance, even biting his liver. Yet, years later, when Mecca was conquered, the Prophet forgave Hind. She embraced Islam, becoming a devout believer—a powerful testament to redemption.

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The Prophet Muhammad : The Sacred Union: Ali and Fatima's Marriage

After the pivotal battles of Badr and Uhud, there were moments in the Prophet Muhammad’s personal life that hold deep significance. Among these was the marriage of his youngest daughter, Fatima, whom he cherished deeply. Fatima shared a special bond with her father from childhood. When the Prophet first began spreading Allah’s message, he invited his closest relatives to faith—including Fatima and his aunt Safiyyah. The Prophet often spoke of Fatima’s importance, calling her “a part of my heart.” She remained by his side through hardships, offering unwavering support, and was the only one of his children to outlive him, carrying forward his legacy.

Many sought to marry Fatima, including respected companions like Abu Bakr and Umar. The Prophet gently deferred their proposals, saying they should await Allah’s will. Meanwhile, Ali, the Prophet’s cousin and close companion, learned of these proposals. Though he admired Fatima, he felt hesitant. An elderly woman urged him: “Why don’t you ask for her hand?” Ali replied, “How can I? I have nothing to offer.” But she insisted, encouraging him to try.

Nervous and shy, Ali approached the Prophet’s home but struggled to speak. The Prophet noticed his silence and asked, “Ali, did you come for something?” Ali’s words caught in his throat. The Prophet repeated his question until finally asking directly, “Did you come to marry Fatima?” Ali whispered, “Yes.”

“What will you give as a dowry?” the Prophet asked.

“I own nothing but my armour from the Battle of Badr,” Ali admitted.

The Prophet told him to sell the armour and bring the money.

Ali rushed back to the Prophet with joy after selling his armour. The Prophet then spoke to Fatima about Ali’s proposal, praising his wisdom, patience, bravery, and strong faith. He emphasized Ali’s noble character, showing the importance of a parent’s guidance in marriage. Crucially, the Prophet asked Fatima for her consent, honouring her voice in the decision. When Fatima remained silent—a sign of agreement in her culture—the Prophet accepted this as her approval, teaching a timeless lesson about respect and mutual consent in marriage.

Ali took his armour to the market, where he met Uthman, the Prophet’s son-in-law. Uthman, aware of Ali’s purpose, paid far more than the armour’s worth—470 dirhams—and then gifted it back to him, saying, “You need this more than I do.” Ali returned to the Prophet with both the money and his armour, and the Prophet prayed for Uthman’s generosity.

Next, the Prophet instructed Ali to buy perfume and essentials for the wedding. Unsure how to shop for such items, Ali sought help from Bilal, the Prophet’s trusted companion, and Umm Salama, who managed part of the funds. Meanwhile, Aisha and Umm Salama prepared the couple’s humble home, smoothing its walls with mud. The Prophet himself arranged for simple wedding garments, ensuring everything reflected modesty and sincerity.

News of the wedding spread through Medina, filling the city with joy. People brought gifts to celebrate the marriage of the Prophet’s beloved daughter. Though Ali could not afford a feast, Sa‘d ibn Mu‘adh, a generous supporter from Medina, hosted the Walima (wedding meal) on his behalf. The community came together, singing and rejoicing with tambourines, turning the occasion into a shared celebration of love, faith, and unity.

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The Prophet Muhammad : The Prohibition of Alcohol 

After the Battle of Uhud, alcohol was eventually banned in the Muslim community. Alcohol was deeply rooted in Arabian culture at the time. People drank it during celebrations, gatherings, and even when mourning. Poems and stories praised drinking and being drunk. Despite this, some early Muslims, like Abu Bakr, Ali, and Uthman, avoided alcohol completely.

The ban did not happen all at once. Allah revealed the rules gradually. Umar, a close companion of the Prophet, often prayed for clear guidance on alcohol. His prayer was answered when a verse in the Quran (Surah Al-Baqarah, 219) was revealed. It said that while alcohol and gambling have some benefits, their harm is far greater. When the Prophet shared this verse, some Muslims stopped drinking. But since alcohol was not yet fully forbidden, others continued.

Later, problems arose when people prayed while drunk, making mistakes in their worship. Another verse (Surah An-Nisa, 43) was then revealed, instructing believers not to pray if they were intoxicated. It also taught alternatives for purification when water was unavailable, such as using clean earth.

As the harm caused by alcohol became clearer, more people began to stop drinking. Some struggled to quit completely and tried limiting their drinking to certain times, like late nights or early mornings, while focusing on worship to resist temptation. Umar continued praying for a clear ruling from Allah, hoping for a total ban.

After the Battle of Uhud, verses 90-93 of Surah Al-Maidah were revealed. These verses declared alcohol, gambling, idols, and divination tools as harmful acts influenced by Satan. They warned believers to avoid these entirely to succeed in life and faith, as Satan uses them to spread hatred and distract people from prayer and remembering Allah. The Quran urged obedience to Allah and His Messenger, emphasizing that the Prophet’s role was to deliver the message clearly.

The Quran uses the term khamr (often translated as “alcohol”), but this refers to any substance that clouds the mind, not just the drinks of that era. The Prophet called intoxicants “the root of all evil,” a truth still relevant today. For example, the World Health Organization reports that around 30 million people die yearly from drug-related causes, accounting for over 5% of global deaths. Many illnesses and accidents worldwide are also linked to substance abuse.

When these final verses banning intoxicants were revealed, the Prophet recited them to Umar. Upon hearing the words “Will you not abstain?” Umar immediately declared, “We have abstained!” This marked the complete prohibition of alcohol, aligning the community with divine guidance through patience and wisdom.

When alcohol was finally banned in Medina, the response was extraordinary. A Jewish man heard the news and ran through the streets shouting about the prohibition. People immediately obeyed—pouring out their alcohol, smashing cups, and emptying their supplies into the streets. Rivers of wine flowed through the city as a powerful sign of their commitment. This change happened peacefully, without force or punishment, marking a unique moment in history where an entire community willingly abandoned a deeply rooted habit.

Anas ibn Malik, a companion of the Prophet, later shared a story: “I was serving date wine to guests when someone announced the ban. Without hesitation, we poured out all the wine. No one argued, questioned, or tried to save it—we simply obeyed.”

The success of the prohibition of alcohol in Medina highlights that it was rooted in faith and community trust.

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The Prophet Muhammad : The Ifk: The Allegation Against Aisha

During a journey back from a battle, Aisha (R), the Prophet’s wife, was accidentally left behind by the caravan. She had stepped away briefly to search for a lost necklace. Safwan (R), a companion tasked with checking the rear of the caravan, found her waiting alone. He helped her return to the group by letting her ride his camel, following proper conduct.

However, hypocrites spread lies about Aisha (R) and Safwan (R), accusing them of wrongdoing. Some Muslims, including Hassan (R), Mistah (R), and Hamna (R), joined in spreading the rumors out of jealousy or personal motives. Hassan later fought Safwan over the accusations, leading the Prophet ﷺ to intervene and resolve the conflict.

Aisha (R) knew nothing of the rumors until Mistah’s mother mentioned them days later. Shocked and heartbroken, Aisha (R) wept endlessly, even questioning her purpose in life. Her parents tried comforting her, but she stayed deeply troubled, fearing how the Prophet ﷺ would react.

The situation weighed heavily on her young heart, but the truth would later be revealed through divine guidance, clearing her name entirely.

The Prophet ﷺ handled the false accusation against Aisha (R) with wisdom and patience. Though he trusted her completely, he waited for Allah’s guidance to resolve the matter fairly. He first asked his companions for advice. Usama (R) firmly defended Aisha’s innocence, while Ali (R) remained quiet, suggesting the Prophet ﷺ had other wives who had never faced such claims. Aisha (R) felt hurt by Ali’s silence but held onto her truth.

To gather clarity, the Prophet ﷺ questioned Aisha’s maid. The maid initially mentioned small mistakes, like Aisha (R) accidentally leaving dough uncovered, but when asked directly, she declared, “Aisha is as pure as gold! Nothing bad could ever happen!” This reassured the Prophet ﷺ. He then asked Zaynab (R), another wife who sometimes felt jealous of Aisha (R), but even she confirmed Aisha’s good character.

The Prophet ﷺ then gathered everyone in the mosque. He condemned the lies and demanded justice. Sa’d ibn Mu’adh (R), a leader of the Aws tribe, vowed to punish the liar if they were from his tribe. This sparked tension with the Khazraj tribe, as hypocrites had tried to stir division between the two groups. The Prophet ﷺ calmed the situation, uniting the companions again.

Finally, he went to Aisha (R), who lay crying with her parents. He gently told her, “If you did wrong, repent to Allah. But if you’re innocent, Allah will prove it.” Aisha (R), exhausted, replied, “Allah knows I’m innocent. If I lie and confess, no one will believe me. If I deny it, who will trust me? I’ll follow the example of Prophet Yaqub (AS) and practice sabr (beautiful patience).”

Her words showed her deep faith, and soon after, Allah revealed verses in the Quran (24:11-20) declaring her innocence and condemning the lies. The truth triumphed, and Aisha (R)’s purity was affirmed for all time.

The Quran sternly condemned the lies spread about Aisha (R) and ordered harsh punishments for those who slander innocent people. Three of the accusers were publicly whipped 80 times as a warning against harming others’ honor. Hassan ibn Thabit (R), who had joined in spreading rumors, later wrote poems praising Aisha’s purity and virtue to make amends. When Aisha (R) heard his verses, she acknowledged their truth but gently reminded him, “These words are true, but you could not live up to them yourself.” Despite his mistake, Aisha (R) never held grudges against him. She respected his role in defending Islam through his poetry and urged others not to blame him.

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The Prophet Muhammad : The Grand Coalition: Uniting Against Madinah

After being expelled from Madinah, the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir settled in Khaybar but continued plotting against the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Their leaders, including Huyayy ibn Akhtab, travelled to Makkah to convince the Quraysh leaders to form a coalition against the Muslims. The Quraysh, still bitter over past defeats, eagerly agreed. Abu Sufyan, a Quraysh leader, declared, “Those who join us against Muhammad are our greatest allies.”

In a symbolic meeting near the Kaaba, the two groups swore an alliance. The Quraysh asked the Jewish leaders, “Whose faith is better—ours or Muhammad’s? We honour the Kaaba, provide for pilgrims, and uphold our ancestors’ traditions.” The Jewish leaders, ignoring their own monotheistic beliefs, flattered the Quraysh: “Your practices are closer to truth.” This hypocrisy was condemned in the Quran, which highlights how they abandoned their principles out of envy and hatred for Islam.

The Quraysh rallied their forces, while the Jewish leaders persuaded other tribes to join. They offered the Ghatafan tribe a year’s worth of Khaybar’s date harvest and claimed the Quraysh’s support. Ghatafan agreed, and the Banu Sulaym tribe also pledged to fight once the Quraysh marched. The coalition’s massive army gathered in Makkah, with their flag raised at Dar al-Nadwah, a key meeting place. Together, they prepared for a decisive attack on Madinah, marking one of the most critical threats faced by the early Muslim community.

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The Prophet Muhammad : The Battle Preparations: Digging the Trench

A massive army of 10,000 soldiers, led by Abu Sufyan, marched from Makkah toward Madinah. Along the way, they were joined by tribes like the Banu Asad and others, some of whose leaders—such as Twalhat ibn Khuwaylid and Harith ibn Auf—would later embrace Islam.

The Prophet ﷺ learned of their advance through allies from the Khuza’ah tribe. He gathered his Companions to plan their defense. Salman al-Farsi (R), drawing from Persian military tactics, suggested digging a deep trench around Madinah to block the enemy’s cavalry. The idea was new to the Arabs but was eagerly adopted.

The Muslims worked tirelessly to dig the trench. The Prophet ﷺ himself joined in, hauling soil and bricks alongside Abu Bakr (R), Umar (R), and others. Dust covered his hair and clothes as he encouraged the community. The trench stretched about 5.5 meters long, 4.6 meters wide, and 3.2 meters deep. The work was divided: the Muhajirs (migrants from Makkah) and Ansar (local supporters) dug different sections, using tools borrowed from the Banu Qurayzah, a Jewish tribe in Madinah.

Before the enemy arrived, the Prophet ﷺ sent scouts to monitor their movements. Tragically, two of them, Sulayt (R) and Sufyan ibn Auf (R), were killed during their mission.

As the coalition army camped near Mount Salu, the Muslims completed the trench. The Prophet ﷺ strategically positioned his forces behind it, using the mountain as a natural barrier. The Companions’ unity and hard work—led by the Prophet’s example—turned the trench into a powerful defense, ready to face the greatest threat.

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The Prophet Muhammad : Jabir’s Blessed Meal

During the harsh days of digging the trench, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and his Companions faced severe hunger. Many tied stones to their stomachs to ease their pangs, including the Prophet himself.

Moved by their suffering, Jabir (R) rushed home and asked his wife if they could prepare a meal. She replied, “We only have a little wheat and a small lamb.” Despite their meager supplies, they cooked the food. Jabir invited the Prophet ﷺ discreetly, whispering, “We have a simple meal—enough only for you and a few others.”

But the Prophet ﷺ smiled and announced loudly, “Everyone, come! Jabir has prepared a feast!” Panicked, Jabir told his wife, “There’s not enough!” She calmly replied, “Trust the Prophet. Allah knows what we’ve offered.”

The Prophet ﷺ blessed the food, prayed over it, and instructed the crowd to sit in groups. Miraculously, the small pot of stew and handful of wheat kept refilling as people ate. Hundreds were fed, yet the food remained abundant until the Prophet left. Only then did the pot finally empty.

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The Prophet Muhammad : Banu Qurayza’s Betrayal

As the massive enemy army—over 10,000 soldiers from the Quraysh, Ghatafan, and other tribes—encircled Madinah, the believers stood firm, trusting Allah’s promise of support. The Quran reminded them that trials were part of their faith journey, strengthening their resolve.

Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the Jewish leader who had orchestrated the coalition, approached Ka’b ibn Asad, chief of the Banu Qurayza tribe. The Banu Qurayza had a peace treaty with the Prophet ﷺ, but Huyayy pressured Ka’b to break it. At first, Ka’b refused, calling Huyayy “accursed” and praising the Prophet’s honesty. However, after relentless persuasion, Ka’b agreed to betray the Muslims. He promised to shelter Huyayy if the coalition failed.

News of this betrayal reached the Prophet ﷺ. He sent a delegation, including Sa’d ibn Mu’adh and Usayd ibn Hudhayr (R), to confront Ka’b. When questioned, Ka’b defiantly tore a sandal strap, declaring, “Our covenant with Muhammad is broken!” Huyayy mocked the Prophet, saying, “Who is this prophet? We owe him nothing.”

Usayd (R) rebuked Ka’b: “You disgrace yourself! If the enemy retreats, you’ll face ruin alone.” The Muslims left, confirming the betrayal. This act shattered trust and exposed Banu Qurayza’s treachery during Madinah’s darkest hour, deepening the crisis but also uniting the believers in faith and resilience.

When the Prophet ﷺ learned that Banu Qurayza had broken their peace treaty, he reassured the believers: “Allah’s help is near! Soon, the keys of the Kaaba will be in our hands, and the empires of Persia and Rome will fall, their wealth used for Allah’s cause.” His words lifted their spirits amid the growing threat.

But fear gripped the community. The enemy surrounded Madinah, and Banu Qurayza’s betrayal left the Muslims vulnerable. Women and children feared attacks, and some believers panicked, their “hearts pounding in terror,” as described in the Quran (33:10).

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The Prophet Muhammad : Ali’s Triumph: A Duel of Faith

As the siege of Madinah dragged on, the enemy coalition grew desperate. Leaders like Amr ibn Abd al-Wud, a legendary 90-year-old warrior from the Quraysh, vowed revenge. Known for his unmatched strength, he rallied others to leap the trench at its narrowest point. Once across, he roared a challenge: “Who dares face me in single combat?”

Ali (R), the Prophet’s courageous cousin, stepped forward. The Prophet ﷺ handed Ali his sword, wrapped his turban around Ali’s head, and prayed, “O Allah, aid Ali against this foe!”

Ali confronted Amr, offering three choices:

1. Embrace Islam: “Testify there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His Messenger.”

2. Withdraw: “Return home. If the Prophet’s truth prevails, you’ll be spared.”

3. Fight: “Face me now.”

Amr scoffed, “Even Arab women wouldn’t suggest retreat! I came to fight.”

The two clashed fiercely. Amr swung his sword like wildfire, but Ali parried each strike. With one swift blow, Ali struck Amr down. The enemy watched in shock as their champion fell.

This victory shattered the coalition’s morale. 

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The Prophet Muhammad : The Siege Intensifies

After Ali’s victory over Amr, the enemy coalition regrouped, determined to crush the Muslims. At dawn, they surrounded the trench, trapping the believers. For hours, the Muslims couldn’t pray—immobilized by fear and chaos. The Prophet ﷺ comforted them, urging patience: “Pray when this crisis ends.”

Usayd ibn Hudair (R) and 200 Muslims held the trench against Khalid ibn al-Walid’s cavalry. In the chaos, Wahshi—the same warrior who killed Hamza (R) at Uhud—speared Tufail ibn al-Nu’man (R) to death. Sa’d ibn Mu’adh (R), injured by an arrow, prayed fervently: “O Allah, let me live to see justice against Banu Qurayza!”

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The Prophet Muhammad : The War Strategy of the Prophet

During the Battle of Khandaq, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his followers faced a large alliance of enemy tribes. A man named Nu’aim, who initially sided with the enemy, secretly embraced Islam. He approached the Prophet, offering to help weaken the enemy’s unity.

Nu’aim first visited the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza, who had joined the enemy alliance. Pretending to advise them, he warned, “If the Quraysh and Ghatafan tribes lose this battle, they’ll abandon you. Demand their leaders as hostages to ensure they stay loyal.” The tribe agreed.

Next, Nu’aim went to the Quraysh and Ghatafan leaders, cautioning them, “Banu Qurayza regrets siding with you. They plan to take your nobles as hostages and hand them to Muhammad!” This sowed doubt. When Banu Qurayza later demanded hostages, the Quraysh refused, thinking it a betrayal.

Meanwhile, Banu Qurayza, bound by their Sabbath traditions, refused to fight on their holy day. The Quraysh and Ghatafan, already distrustful, grew frustrated. Arguments erupted, and the alliance crumbled. A fierce storm then struck, damaging the enemy camp. Abu Sufyan, leader of the Quraysh, declared, “We’re leaving! This weather is a bad sign.”

The tribes retreated in disarray, their unity shattered by Nu’aim’s clever tactics. The Muslims, protected by the trench and aided by divine intervention, emerged victorious without a major battle. This event underscored the power of wisdom and strategy in overcoming challenges.

As tensions peaked, a fierce storm struck the enemy camp. Violent winds tore their tents, overturned pots, and snuffed out their fires. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) reassured his followers: “Allah’s help has arrived! Gabriel brought this storm to aid us.” The Quran later described this event: “Allah drove back the disbelievers in their rage… Allah sufficed the believers in battle” (Quran 33:25).

Divine Intervention:

• The storm caused chaos and fear among the enemy. Ropes snapped, animals broke free, and fires died. Leaders panicked, shouting, “Salvation! Salvation!” as terror gripped their hearts.

• Angels descended, amplifying the enemy’s fear. Their horses and camels fled wildly, covering three days’ distance in one day.

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The Prophet Muhammad : Hudhayfah’s Brave Mission:

During the stormy night, the Prophet (peace be upon him) asked for a volunteer to spy on the enemy. Hudhayfah, shivering in the cold with only a small blanket, stepped forward. The Prophet prayed: “O Allah, protect him from all sides.” Instantly, Hudhayfah felt warm and fearless.

He crept into the enemy camp and overheard their leaders arguing. Abu Sufyan, fearing defeat, yelled, “Let’s leave! Muhammad’s God is destroying us!” The enemy fled in disarray, abandoning their plans.

Hudhayfah, a brave companion of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), secretly entered the enemy camp during the Battle of Khandaq. Disguised among them, he sat by their fire and overheard their plans. Abu Sufyan, the Quraysh leader, ordered his men to prepare to leave, sensing defeat. Hudhayfah nearly shot him with an arrow but stopped, remembering the Prophet’s command: “Do not act without my orders.”

To avoid suspicion, Hudhayfah cleverly blended in. When Abu Sufyan asked everyone to hold hands and say their names, Hudhayfah grabbed the men beside him—Mu’awiya (Abu Sufyan’s son) and Amr ibn al-As—and shouted their names loudly. This trick worked, and no one doubted him.

As Hudhayfah moved through the camp, he saw chaos: tents destroyed by wind, fires extinguished, and soldiers arguing. A man from the Banu Amir tribe cried, “The storm has ruined us! Let’s go home!” Abu Sufyan tried to flee on his camel, but it collapsed under him.

By morning, the enemy army had vanished. The Quraysh and their allies fled in shame, leaving behind their weapons and pride. The Prophet declared victory, and the Muslims returned home joyfully.

This battle proved that no army, no matter how large, can defeat those supported by Allah. The Prophet’s ability to inspire hope, manage conflicts, and trust in divine help remains a timeless example of leadership.

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The Prophet Muhammad : The Hudaybiyya Treaty

Five years after migrating to Madinah, the Muslims faced many challenges but grew stronger. Fear of attacks on Madinah lessened, setting the stage for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Before this, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) led a small expedition to Syria, leaving Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum in charge of Madinah. With 200 followers, they travelled through harsh terrains and reached Guran, near Usfan—a place where Muslims had earlier suffered a tragic massacre. Though locals avoided them, the group returned safely after two weeks.

During this time, the Prophet had a vivid dream of entering Makkah peacefully with his followers, their heads shaved or trimmed. This vision, seen as divine guidance, inspired him to perform Umrah (a pilgrimage). He set out with 1,400 companions, inviting as many from Madinah as possible, though some nearby villagers chose to stay behind.

At Dhu al-Hulayfah (also called Bi’r Ali), they entered the sacred state of Ihram, wearing simple pilgrimage garments and bringing 70 camels for sacrifice. A spy from the Khuza’ah tribe warned that the Quraysh planned to block them with allies. When the Prophet learned Khalid ibn Walid and Quraysh cavalry were waiting near Ghumaima, he changed their route to avoid conflict.

The Prophet asked his companions if they should fight if stopped. They replied they came only for pilgrimage but would defend themselves if attacked. Trusting his vision, he pressed onward, determined to fulfil the pilgrimage peacefully. 

During the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) stay at Hudaybiyyah, Budail ibn Warqa’ arrived with a group from the Khuza’ah tribe—trusted advisors known for their deep knowledge of regional affairs. These included figures like Amr ibn Salim and Khirrash ibn Umayyah, who often shared insights with the Prophet. They informed him that the Quraysh and their allies, the Ahbash, had gathered large forces—including women, children, and livestock—and vowed to block the Muslims from entering Makkah.

The Prophet calmly replied, “We have not come to fight. We seek only to perform Umrah, circle the Kaaba in peace, and leave. But if we are attacked, we will defend ourselves.” Budail then returned to the Quraysh leaders to relay this message.

When Budail arrived, some Quraysh leaders, like Ikrimah (son of Abu Jahl), refused to listen, declaring, “They will never enter Makkah this year, even if we all die!” Others, including Urwah ibn Mas’ud and Safwan ibn Umayyah, urged patience: “Let us hear what Budail has to say.”

Budail explained, “The Prophet and his followers do not intend war. They only wish to perform Umrah and depart peacefully.” Despite his words, tensions remained high as the Quraysh debated their next move, torn between fear and pride. This moment highlighted the Prophet’s unwavering commitment to peace, even as hostility loomed.

During negotiations at Hudaybiyyah, the Quraysh sent Urwah ibn Mas’ud to speak with the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Urwah began by warning him: “The Quraysh and their allies—including Abyssinian warriors in tiger-skin armor—have gathered massive forces, even women and children, vowing to block your entry to Makkah. Your followers appear weak and unknown; they might abandon you in battle. How can you challenge such power?”

Abu Bakr (R), sitting behind the Prophet, rebuked Urwah: “How dare you insult us? We’d never desert God’s Messenger!” Urwah, recalling Abu Bakr’s past generosity (he once paid ten shares of blood money to save Urwah’s life), replied, “If not for our bond, I’d respond harshly.”

As Urwah spoke, he repeatedly reached for the Prophet’s beard—a gesture Mughirah ibn Shu’bah (R), the Prophet’s guard, blocked with his sword. Urwah snapped, “Who interrupts me? May they perish!” The Prophet calmly revealed Mughirah’s identity, sparking Urwah’s old tribal grudges.

Urwah then noticed the profound devotion of the Prophet’s Companions: they reverently caught his saliva during ablution, scrambled to serve him, and spoke softly in his presence, avoiding direct eye contact out of respect. 

After meeting the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), Urwah returned to the Quraysh leaders and shared his observations: “I’ve met kings like the Persian Kisra, the Roman Caesar, and the Ethiopian Negus, but none inspire the devotion Muhammad’s followers show him. They guard even his spit and hair, speak only with his permission, and would die for him. If you fight them, you’ll lose—even their women won’t surrender. I urge you: let them perform their pilgrimage peacefully. Blocking them risks disaster.”

The Quraysh grew angry. One leader snapped, “Abu Ya’fur [Urwah], stop this talk! They must leave this year. They can return next year if they wish.”

Urwah replied, “May you avoid ruin,” and left for Ta’if with his companions, his warning ignored. 

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The Prophet Muhammad : Uthman (R) as the Prophet’s messenger

As tensions rose at Hudaybiyyah, the Prophet (peace be upon him) decided to send envoys to the Quraysh to clarify his peaceful intentions. First, he sent Khirash ibn Umayyah (R) on his own camel. But when Khirash reached the Quraysh, Ikrimah (son of Abu Jahl) killed the camel in anger. The Ahbash allies of the Quraysh intervened, protecting Khirash and ensuring his safe return to the Prophet.

The Prophet then sought another messenger. Umar ibn al-Khattab (R) suggested Uthman ibn Affan (R), explaining, “The Quraysh hate me, but Uthman has strong family ties there. If harmed, many will defend him.” The Prophet agreed and instructed Uthman: “Go to the Quraysh. Tell them we come only for pilgrimage, not war. Invite them to Islam and reassure the oppressed Muslims in Makkah that victory is near.”

Uthman (R) travelled to Makkah, where the Quraysh stopped him at Baldah. He declared, “The Prophet invites you to Islam. We seek only to perform Umrah peacefully.” The Quraysh refused, saying, “You cannot enter Makkah as a group.” A leader named Aban ibn Sa’d offered Uthman protection, allowing him to enter the city.

Inside Makkah, Uthman met Quraysh leaders individually, repeating the Prophet’s message. They remained stubborn, but offered him a compromise: “You may perform Tawaf (circle the Kaaba) alone and leave.” Uthman firmly refused: “I will not perform Tawaf until the Prophet does.”

For three days, Uthman negotiated, but the Quraysh would not relent. 

During the standoff, the Prophet (peace be upon him) ordered night guards to protect the Muslim camp. Three companions—Muhammad ibn Maslamah, Abbad ibn Bishr, and Aws ibn Khauliyyah—took turns keeping watch. One night, the Quraysh sent 50 armed men led by Mikras, a known troublemaker, to ambush the Muslims. Muhammad ibn Maslamah captured them, exposing the Quraysh’s secret plan.

Meanwhile, some Muslims, including Abdullah ibn Suhayl and Kurrah ibn Jabir, had entered Makkah under Uthman’s protection to perform rituals. When the Quraysh discovered their own men had been captured, they retaliated by arresting these vulnerable Muslims. To resolve the crisis, the Quraysh sent envoys Suhail ibn Amr and Huwaytib to negotiate. The Prophet remarked, “Now matters will ease,” noting the symbolic meaning of Suhail’s name.

Suhail argued, “Those who attacked you acted without our leaders’ consent.” After talks, both sides agreed to exchange prisoners: the Quraysh released the captured Muslims, and the Prophet returned Mikras’s group.

Tensions flared again when a false rumour spread that Uthman had been killed. The Prophet swiftly gathered his companions to strategize, urging unity. He moved to the Banu Masin ibn Najjar area to rally support, demonstrating calm leadership amid chaos.

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The Prophet Muhammad : The Pledge of Ridwan

Under a shaded tree at Hudaybiyyah, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) gathered his Companions to pledge loyalty to him and Islam. This moment, known as the Pledge of Ridwan, is celebrated in the Quran (48:18), where Allah expresses His pleasure with the believers’ devotion.

The Companions vowed to stand by the Prophet until death. Jabir (R) later recalled, “I cleared a branch blocking the Prophet’s view as they pledged. We promised to defend him with our lives.” Abu Sinan Asadi (R) was the first to step forward. When the Prophet asked, “On what terms do you pledge?” he replied, “To uphold faith with you, whether we live or die.” Others followed, echoing this unwavering commitment.

Notably, Uthman (R) was absent—sent earlier to negotiate with the Quraysh. To include him, the Prophet symbolically placed his own hand over Uthman’s imagined one, praying, “O Allah, Uthman is serving Your cause and Your Messenger!”

Around 1,400–1,500 Companions participated in this historic pledge. 

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The Prophet Muhammad : The Tale of Abu Jundal

As the treaty terms were being finalized, Abu Jandal—Suhayl’s own son—staggered into Hudaybiyyah, his body scarred from torture in Makkah for embracing Islam. He had escaped his chains and fled to the Muslims, desperate for freedom. But Suhayl, the Quraysh’s negotiator, seized him and shouted, “He must be returned! This treaty starts with him!”

The Prophet ﷺ pleaded, “Can you not spare him?” But Suhayl refused. Though the treaty was not yet signed, the Prophet ﷺ agreed to send Abu Jandal back to avoid breaking trust.

Abu Jandal cried out, “How can you return me to those who tortured me?” The Muslims wept, their hearts shattered. The Prophet ﷺ comforted him, “Be patient, Abu Jandal. Allah will grant you relief. We must honor our word.” Umar (R) added fiercely, “Their blood is worthless—endure, for truth is with us!”

After the treaty was signed, the Prophet ﷺ instructed his Companions to end their pilgrimage rituals (Ihram) by sacrificing animals and shaving their heads. But grief paralyzed them—no one moved.

The Prophet ﷺ sought advice from Umm Salama (R). She said, “Act first—they’ll follow.” He then sacrificed his animal, shaved his head, and prayed three times for those who shaved fully, and once for those who trimmed. Seeing this, the Companions rushed to obey, their faith renewed.

Though Abu Jandal’s return was agonizing, the Prophet ﷺ showed that patience and trust in Allah’s plan would ultimately lead to victory.

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The Prophet Muhammad : From Exile to Influence: Abu Basir’s Legacy

After the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, its terms were tested when Abu Basir, a Muslim fleeing Makkah, sought refuge in Madinah. The Quraysh demanded his return under the treaty, and the Prophet ﷺ, honoring the agreement, reluctantly sent him back. But during the journey, Abu Basir escaped and settled near the coast at Saif Al Bahar, joined by Abu Jandal and other oppressed Muslims. Together, they formed a group that disrupted Quraysh caravans, seizing goods and challenging their enemies.

The Quraysh soon realized the treaty’s flaw: while it forced Muslims to return Makkan refugees, it left their own caravans vulnerable to raids by defiant Muslims like Abu Basir. They approached the Prophet ﷺ, pleading to amend the treaty: “Let those who join you stay in Madinah!” The Prophet ﷺ agreed, easing the hearts of the Companions.

Though the treaty initially seemed harsh, Allah’s wisdom prevailed. The Qur’an later affirmed (48:24): “Allah restrained your hands and theirs from fighting at Hudaybiyyah… and Allah sees all you do.”

Even in victory, the Prophet ﷺ showed mercy. When the Quraysh complained about the raids, he instructed Abu Basir’s group to cease hostilities and return captured goods. Abu Basir passed away holding the Prophet’s letter, and Abu Jandal buried him, building a mosque by his grave. The group disbanded peacefully, and the Quraysh’s caravans were safe once more.

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